Wage Gap Between Men And Women - 1270 Words

Now seeing me as a women today being only looked at as the equivalent of a slave is ludicrous (Spiegel, pg. 16). According to Spiegel there are three different explanations of why there was a wage gap between men and women. The three explanations are the women are concentrated in jobs that require less education or skills than men, women might receive lower pay than me for identical work, or women might be doing different work than men, but work that is comparable in term of the training required and the complexity of the task, and receiving lower pay for this work (Spiegel, pg.16). From the times of women struggling to vote there has been strides made for women and wages. â€Å"Equal Pay for Equal Work† is a slogan that can be traced back to the 1930s. The slogan is also very ambiguous. It was thought that a woman’s wage was earned because she was trying to supplement those of other family wages earned. The decision as to who would and would not earn a wage regulated by the family unit. The wage belonged to her family. (Keesler-Harris, pg. 8). Typically a woman’s wage was legally the property of her husband or father (Kessler-Harris, pg. 9). I honestly couldn’t imagine going to work and them giving my earnings to my father. Actually when I think about it†¦ much hasn’t changed about that. What would be the difference in being a married women in this day and age a using some of your earnings to support your family. You may place half your pay check in a joint bank account thatShow MoreRelatedThe Wage Gap Between Men And Wo men1552 Words   |  7 Pagesearned by men, which means a wage gap of twenty-two percent. Women are nearly half of the labor pool and are equal if not main, jobholder s in four out of ten households. Not to mention, women receive more college and graduate degrees than men. Women still coninue to bring in less than men. On average, women earn less than men in basically every profession that there is adequate income data for both women and men to estimate an earnings percentage (IWPR, 2014). The Institution for Women s PolicyRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages It is a known fact that women faced inequality in the past, however, it is arguable whether they still face inequality today. When bringing statistics to the table, there is a wage gap between men and women. This is caused by many things. For one, women have tended to exceed men when it comes to education. However, men still tend to receive better jobs with higher pay. This is because gender inequality. There is also inequality inside of the work place. Men tend to receive more promotional opportunitiesRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1337 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women. Even the name of the female gender is derived from the male species. For years, women have been discriminated against in an array of areas such as politics, at home, and in the workplace. The most debated area of gender discrimination is the wage gap between men and women. After reviewing the following facts, it is obvious women are essentially just as valuable as men, and therefore should be treated equally in the workplace. The pay gap between males and females has been a topic thatRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthat bothered us, interested us, or something we wanted to learn more about. The first thing I thought of was equal pay between men and women. With the ratification of the 19th amendment, women became legally equal to men. Then in 1963, the Equal Pay Act was passed yet. Yet today, the wage gap between men and women still exists. According to the White House’s official website, women working full time are only earning around 77% of what their male coworkers are earning. This problem is even worse withRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women2628 Words   |  11 Pagesissue of the wage gap between men and women in the labor market is currently dealt with in the course of a number of scientific debates, is the subject of public discussion in the broad political and social bodies of the world and different countries have their proposed solutions. The re are also historical conditions of social and emotional ground that appointment and further determine the role models for women and men - now called traditional. The difference in pay between men and women is a trendRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Women And Men2336 Words   |  10 Pagesa look at the wage gap between women and men. It has always been known that men make more money than women. Many acts of legislation have been passed to address the disparities. But as time has progressed this topic is not one that grasps the attention of society. Society feels that there are other more important topics to focus on. The inequities amongst men and women pay has been in effect from the early 1800s and continues on in the new millennium despite, the gains women have made. AndRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1979 Words   |  8 Pagesprevent/discourage discrimination in the workplace. Section 2 The Congress hereby finds and declares the wage gap in America between men and women is a problem that needs to be addressed and remedied. Should people be paid the same amount and treated the same way as others like them with the same experience and skills? The obvious answer is yes, but a wage gap and an unequal treatment of women in the workplace persist in the United States. As John F. Kennedy believed, the Equal Pay Act he passed inRead MoreReducing The Wage Gap Between Men And Women1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthe gender wage gap. Firstly, this organization firmly believes that raising the minimum wage will positively affect the wage gap between men and women. Averages illustrate that differentiation s among men and women s job selections could be considered for virtually half of the gender pay gap. Increasing the minimum wage will benefit those dedicated women laborers by helping support their families. Two third of mothers are sole providers within their households and these sa me women are the onesRead MoreThe Gender Wage Gap Between Men And Women986 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender wage gap. This is an issue that has been kept largely quiet and does not get even half the attention it deserves. The wage gap is simply the deviation in salaries between men and women. This gap in pay is an issue that spans the globe, and effects many people, from struggling single mothers to hard working corporate women. In W.E. Jacob and Laura Finley’s article â€Å"Differences in Pay Rates Between Men and Women do not Prove the Existence of Gender Inequality† attempts to debunk the discriminatoryRead MoreThe Pay Gap Between The Wages Of Men And Women Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagespopular belief, the pay gap between the wages of men and women still exists. According to the Cambridge Business English Dictionary, the wage gap is â€Å"the difference between the ​amounts of ​money ​paid to women and men, often for doing the same ​wor k† (â€Å"gender pay gap†). The fact that we are still discussing it, especially during the current presidential campaign, proves that fact. The gap has decreased as time passes due to the relentless advocacy of feminists, but the wage gap does still exist. Considering

Is The Organic Food Label - 1798 Words

With the mass production of food, companies like ConAgra Foods, the parent company of Healthy Choice, Tyson, or even Whole Foods, may cut corners to the growth, treatment, and processing of food. In recent years, there has been a hype in organic food, locally grown food and GMO free foods, but what do these words mean? Most of these words on stickers are aimed to sell customers overpriced food that is farmed conventionally. Organic food has been claimed to be healthier for people, although the organic food label is misleading consumers into purchasing overpriced foods, and forces farmers to use unreliable farming techniques. Cage free and grass fed animals have been claimed to be healthier for people to consume, because the animals are†¦show more content†¦Admittedly, antibiotics have some side effects, their main purpose is to make livestock healthier for humans to consume. The cost of meat products would be substantially lower if antibiotics were adopted throughout all farms and hatcheries. When an organism is raised in an over populated environment it has a higher possibility of catching infections from other organisms in the environment. Most chickens are raised in highly occupied hatchery that do not supply enough area for the chicken to mature (â€Å"The Truth behind â€Å"Humane† Labels†). If a smaller chicken that has not been injected with antibiotics is injured due to another chicken engaging in a fight or just by being stepped on by a larger chicken, they are prone to infections and injuries. Chickens do not have the proper antibodies in its body to fight off the infecti on from an injury, making it one of the leading causes of their deaths simply because they do not have the correct environment or antibiotics to heal properly. Most hatcheries are not able to keep track of each individual chicken, so if one dies beneath the rest, it will decay and start to infect other chickens. Once one chicken gets infected by the dead one, the entire hatchery will begin to be infected.Show MoreRelatedOrganic Food : The United States Department Of Agriculture753 Words   |  4 PagesInterest in organic food has been increasing over the past decade. The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) defines the term organic as:â€Å"... a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods † (â€Å"Consumer Information,† 2014, para. 1). In fact, consumers have become aware about food quality, and this has increased the sales of organic foods. According to The Organic Trade Association (2 011), organic food sales have been identifiedRead MoreGovernment Food Label Requirements : Food Labeling1359 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment Food Label Requirements With all of the information readily available on the internet and news broadcasts it is hard not to hear about the government food labeling controversy currently going on. There are people who want to label genetically modified, organic and natural foods and then there are some who want to do away with all of the labels for one reason or another. Government mandated food labels are a big deal right now because everyone has an opinion about it. A main cause ofRead MoreOrganic Foods And Organic Food Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic food is one of the fast growing markets in the world. Only in the U.S., retail sales of organic foods were $6.2 billion in 2015: California made up the biggest part of the country’s organic food market, with $2.436 billion of total sales; Colorado was on the ninth place with $155 million of total sales (â€Å"2015 Certified Organic Survey† 9). Today, organic products are available in almost every conventional grocery store and often hav e a higher price over conventional products. In fact, theRead MoreFood Goods Vs Whole Food Artifacts1339 Words   |  6 PagesFrom trendy reusable grocery bags, to Michelle Obama s organic garden at the White House, food and other food industry has changed. Over the past years the education of organic and whole foods has increased. Most organic foods are announced as heather and preservative free, many companies are now offering â€Å"gluten-free† products. Some people my wonder to themselves, â€Å"Why are Americans willing to pay double the amount for organic products†. Will this just be another popular trend, or are there reallyRead MoreImportance Of Food Labels By The International Food Information Council1324 Words   |  6 PagesBarbara Martino Hayes English 4 December 5, 2014 Importance of Food Labels A research done in 2003 by the International Food Information Council Foundation indicated that many consumers will refer to food labels when deciding which food item to purchase or consume. (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.) Many consumers say that food labels are hard to observe and read. Food labels objective is mostly to inform consumers about the products characteristics which actually play an importantRead MoreAn Experiment On The Organic Effect Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Organic Effect† is a video that conduct an experiment on a family for two weeks. The video was promoted by an organic food store The Coop grocery in Sweden and the Swedish Environmental Research Institute ( Hall ). In this video a family of five switched from conventional food to organic for two weeks. Before beginning the experiment urine samples were taken and analyzed for conventional pesticides food. It turned out that they had different insecticides, fungicides, and plant g rowth regulatorsRead MoreOrganic Food And Farming Benefits For Health826 Words   |  4 PagesOrganic Food and Farming Benefits for Health To the casual shopper it may appear that one of the biggest differences between organic and non organic food can be found on the price tag, however, it is important to realize that the true cost of food is not necessarily the price listed on the price tag. Looking more into the quality, how its made and where the food comes from, is beneficial in our choice of the food we pick. Picking organic food have become ever-so popular. Organic food is grown orRead MoreFederal Regulation of Organic Farming1579 Words   |  7 PagesIs there a federal standard for what organic means when it comes to farm fresh milk? Ruva (Ruvarashe) Munyariwa Introduction to political Science, POS1001 Professor Schuman January 23, 2011 With the organic industry booming and up until recently  showing an annual growth rate of 20% it has been necessary for the federal government to step in and regulate theRead MoreWhole Foods Entering Foreign Market965 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary: Whole Foods was founded in 1990 with a mission to offer good, wholesome food with an emphasis on natural and organic food. Through a series of acquisitions and expansions Whole Foods is a major grocery store representing organic products in the United States, Canada and the U.K. It is consistently ranked in the top 100 best companies to work for and the top 100 best Corporate Citizens. Business Proposal: This document outlines the possibility of Whole Foods expanding into the GermanRead MoreThe Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines certified organic products as â€Å" those which have been produced, stored, processed, handled and marketed in accordance with precise technical specifications (standards) and certified as organic by a certification body† (FAO, 1999). Here, this is a common definition oriented by the production process of the â€Å"organic† product and the label of verification of a certification body as opposed to and verification of product quality

E-commerce Free Essays

Throughout my four years at the universe sits of Gullah, I have learned one very important thing: learning does not end once you graduate high school or university, it is a continuous facet of life that should never be ignored but embraced. I am sure that learn something new every day. It may not be life altering; It may be something so minute that I missed the fact that I learned it. We will write a custom essay sample on E-commerce or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, each day In my anatomy class I learn how the human body works. Monday, I didn’t know that each vein doses’ have corresponding arteries, but on Wednesday, I did. Just last week, I learn d how easy It Is to make tomato sauce. These little events led me to believe that learning never ends and I can use this new knowledge to better my life. The knowledge I gained in high school helped me to succeed in University, and the knowledge I gain In University will help me to succeed In the Job field. I know that over the past four years, I ha eve developed my skills and learned quite a lot. For instance, when I study for a test, it is not Just to memorize the material like I did in high school, but also to under stand the material presented to me. This method not only helps me get great mark s on tests, but now can utilize this knowledge in my every day life. My faith re was a big coffee drinker. He drank 6 cups of coffee a day. After my first year of university, I Lear Ned how to research a topic and present In a simple, effective e manner. I researched the disadvantages and side effects of drinking coffee and GA eve this information to him, in the hopes that he would cut back, which he did. I have also learned that there AR information. For instance, some people are better learners who n they are being lectured to: others learn better independent TTYL, I learn the best when it is hands- on. For instance, in my organic chemist ray class, I understood the concepts a lot better in the laboratory than in class. This as peck of learning also applies to my life as a peer helper. When I first became a peer, there were many procedures, and formats that I needed to learn. I found it very difficult to read a hand out, as my supervisor was lecturing me too. I decide deed that in order to understand these procedures, I need to physically go through h them. This hands- on approach allowed Bases of Competence Skills Portfolio Specifications Fred Veers page 26 of 34 September 2005 me to understand this new information the best and help me to be the most effective at my Job. The development of my ability to learn is also apparent in my social life. In many aspects of my life, I have to be professional, something I never thought I needed to be. In high school, I acted however I wanted, whenever I wanted, even if it left a poor impression of me. I can remember this one incident when I was being particularly rude to my mother at the bank. How to cite E-commerce, Papers

Medical Physiology Biology (Endocrine System)

Question: Discuss about the Medical Physiology for Biology (Endocrine System). Answer: 1. The endocrine system consists of a collection of different glands, which are concerned, with the secretion of hormones. This system is considered as one of the most integrative systems within the human body since the hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands act at a distance and several of these hormones act in diverse organs of the body (Melmed et al. 2015). This essay aims to describe the role of the main hormones and the endocrine glands that produce different hormones. It will explain the role of the blood stream in the process. In addition, it will also explain the role of the target cells and several other mechanisms that are associated with the endocrine system. This system is responsible for signaling the information. Its mechanisms as well as effects are slow in initiation but are extended in response as they last from a small number of hours to weeks. The study of the endocrine system and the disorders which are associated with it is known as endocrinology, which is a branch of internal medicine (Fuxe 2013). The important glands of the endocrine system include the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pineal gland, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries and pancreas. The distinctive features of these glands include their ductless nature, presence of intracellular vacuoles and their vascular nature (Boron and Boulpaep 2016). Hormones are the effectors of the endocrine system. The different glands of the endocrine system secrete them and they are collected through circulation. Some of the hormones are proteins as for e.g. glucagon and insulin while other hormones are derived from proteins or in other words, they are modified amino acids, for e.g. noradrenaline and adrenaline. A few of the hormones are steroids, such as estrogen and corticosteroids (Melmed et al. 2015). The hormone melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland is produced at night and is associated with the circadian rhythm circulation (Axelrod 2013). This hormone has an important function in regulating the several functions of the body that are associated with the night-day cycle. The hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland includes three hormones namely, triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and calcitonin. Thyroxine is concerned with the stimulation of body oxygen and consumption of energy. It increases the basal metabolic rate and promotes protein synthesis. Triiodothyronine performs similar functions like thyroxine. Calcitonin is responsible for the stimulation of osteoblasts. The pancreas is a mixed gland and secretes the hormones such as glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin (Zarrow 2012). Glucagon enhances the blood glucose level. Insulin helps in glycolysis and glycogenesis in muscle and liver from the blood. Somatostatin inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin. Pancreatic polypeptide is concerned with the regulation of the activities of pancreatic secretion. The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenaline boosts glucose and oxygen supply to the muscles and brain, dilation of pupils. Noradrenaline improves the readiness of the skeletal muscles. The testes secrete the hormones like testosterone and estradiol. Testesterone helps in the maturation of sex organs, scrotum formation and growth of axillary hairs and beard. Estradiol prevents apoptosis of the germ cells. The ovaries secrete progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone plays a significant role during pregnancy while estrogen is concerned with several functions of the body (Sherwood 2015). The blood stream plays a significant role in the endocrine system as the blood collects the different hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands and they reach to the target organs through circulation (Fuxe 2013). Hence, for the proper functioning of the endocrine system, circulatory system is essential. In the absence of the circulatory system, the feature of action at distance of the endocrine system would not take place. After passing through the blood stream, the communication of the hormones with the body occurs which is headed towards the target cells for bringing about a specific effect or alteration to the cell. The hormones can also lead to alterations in the cells of the adjacent tissues (Norris and Carr 2013). Receptors are present on the target cells, these receptors are specific for every hormone, and their activation is carried out either through water-soluble hormones or lipid/fat soluble hormones. The diffusion of lipid/fat soluble hormones occurs through the plasma membrane for entering into the target cell and binding with a receptor protein on the cells plasma membrane. On the other hand, the water-soluble hormones bind with a receptor protein on the cells plasma membrane (Labhart 2012). Polypeptide/protein hormones act on the cells which act as specific targets. Binding occurs with the receptors that are located on cell surface. These receptors are glycoproteins and proteins that are fixed in the cell membrane (Sherwood 2015). Examples of polypeptide/protein hormones comprise insulin secreted from the pancreas and adrenocorticotropin secreted from the pituitary gland. Eicosanoids like prostaglandins and Catecholamines such as epinephrine discover their receptors sticked to the cell membrane of the target cells. Polypeptide and steroid hormones both are concerned with the regulation of gene expression by involving a communication with the core complex of transcription through the similar injector. The receptor of polypeptide hormones is exceptional to the specific target cell. The polypeptide receptors use three different classes of cell surface receptors namely, Ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein receptors and catalytic receptors. On the other hand, the receptors of steroid hormones occur in all the nucleated cells. They work at a slower pace and require elevated concentrations (Zarrow 2012). To conclude, the endocrine system plays an important role and has several functions overall. It is responsible for secretion of hormones, metabolism, growth and several other activities of the cells. It acts as an information signal system. This system is considered to be one of the most integrative systems within the human body since the hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands act at a distance and numerous of these hormones act in diverse organs of the body. It is also responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the body. If this system lacks a proper functioning, then it leads to the development of several diseases associated with growth and metabolism. 2. Homeostasis and its Role Homeostasis refers to the way by which a stable environment is maintained by the body. It is essential for our body to maintain a stable environment for the cells for functioning in a correct manner (Hardie 2015). It keeps the internal environment of the body balanced. The well-recognized homeostats in the human body and other mammalians are the regulators that are concerned in keeping the composition of the internal environment constituting of extracellular fluids constant, particularly with respect to pH, temperature, osmolality and Ca2+, K+, Na+, O2, CO2 and Glucose concentrations (Ramsay and Woods 2014). The control mechanisms of homeostasis have at least three components that are dependent on each other, namely, receptor, effector and integrating center. The receptor is responsible for sensing the environmental stimuli and sends the information to the integrating center (Waugh and Grant 2014).This center is usually a region in the brain known as the hypothalamus, which is concer ned with the signaling of an effector for responding to the stimuli. An effector refers to any tissue or organ, which receives information from the integrating center and works to result in the changes required for maintaining homeostasis. Negative and positive feedbacks are central to understand the process of homeostasis (Ramsay and Woods 2014). Negative feedback Almost all the control mechanisms of homeostasis are negative feedback mechanisms. It occurs when the systems require slowing down or completely stopping a process, which is taking place (Hardie 2015). For example, when food substances are consumed, they travel in the stomach. After this, the process of digestion commences. It works by involving different hormones together with the nerve impulses for stopping as well as starting the acids secretion in the stomach. An additional instance of negative feedback is sweating (Waugh and Grant 2014). Positive Feedback In positive feedback mechanism for maintaining homeostasis, the enhancement of an output occurs. It is responsible for amplifying the action of a system or encouraging a physiological process (Ramsay and Woods 2014). Positive feedback involves a cyclic process, which can continue for amplifying the response of the body to stimuli until there is a takeover of response of negative feedback (Waugh and Grant 2014). A very good illustration of positive feedback can also take place inside the stomach. It usually secretes pepsinogen, which is an inactive enzyme (Waugh and Grant 2014). Since pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the body, it activates a process that aids in the conversion of the molecules of pepsinogen to pepsin. After the occurrence of this cascade effect, the stomach gets sufficient molecules of pepsin for digesting proteins (Hall 2015). Homeostasis of blood Glucose levels In our bodies, glucose acts as a fuel for the cells but for diffusing into the cells, it is too big. Instead, it requires to be transported into the cells. Pancreas produces a hormone, namely insulin, which facilitates the transport of glucose into the cells (Hall 2015). Insulin reduces the levels of blood glucose as a result of facilitating the transport of glucose into the cells via bloodstream (Hardie 2015). It also slows down the production of glucose from the amino acids glycogen and fatty acids. Insulin is responsible for the stimulation of formation of glycogen from glucose. These functions of insulin assist in lowering the blood glucose levels (Waugh and Grant 2014). Homeostasis of Blood Glucose Levels (Negative Feedback) Oxytocin in a normal labour- Homeostasis Oxytocin is a hormone, which is produced by the endocrine system and is responsible to stimulating uterus contraction. This leads to the development of pain, which is sensed through the nervous system (Kenkel, Yee and Carter 2014). Instead of minimizing, the oxytocin and causing the pain to drop, additional production of oxytocin occurs until the contractions become powerful enough leading to the birth of the child. During labor in females, this hormone is released and is responsible for intensification and speeding up of the contractions. The birth of the child ends oxytocin release and the mechanism of positive feedback ends too (Burgos et al. 2016). Oxytocin in a normal labour- Positive feedback (Flowchart) 3. This study aims to critically analyse the use of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) in the human body. It is a type of hormone therapy in which the patients during their course of medical treatment are made to receive hormones either for supplementing a shortage of hormones that occur naturally or for substituting other hormones in place of the naturally occurring hormones (Tucker et al. 2016). This therapy utilizes normal concentrations of hormone supplements for returning the hormone levels within the normal ranges. The common types hormone replacement therapy comprise of the following: Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopause- It utilizes one or more medication groups that are designed for boosting the hormone levels artificially and is based on the thought that the treatment may lead to the prevention of discomfort, which is caused by reducing the circulating progesterone and estrogen hormones. The major hormones that are involved with this therapy include progesterone, estrogen and in some cases testosterone. This therapy is often referred to as treatment (Jordahl et al. 2015). Androgen Replacement Therapy- Involves treatment by hormones frequently prescribes to contradict male hypogonadism effects (Kotsopoulos et al. 2016). It is also prescribed for delaying the onset of aging in males. In addition, this therapy is utilized for the males with reduced testicular functions, cancer, along with some other reasons (Jordahl et al. 2015). Hormone Replacement Therapy for Transgender individuals This therapy is involved with the introduction of hormones that are associated with the sexual category identified by the patient (for trans women estrogen is used and for trans men testosterone is used). A number of intersex individuals may receive HRT. For transgender people, Cross-sex hormone treatment is divided into two- hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female), hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male) (Hou et al. 2013). Hormone replacement therapy was first discovered in the year 1940 but it became more prominent in the year 1960 and had created a revolution in menopause management in women (Kuh et al., 2016). It was prescribed generally for the relief symptoms of the menopausal women such as genito-urinary and psychological problems, night sweats, hot flushes, sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness, reduced sexual drive and mood swings (Shapiro et al. 2013). This therapy has been revealed to possess several beneficial effects (Kuh et al., 2016). A study carried out in women demonstrated that the women who took estrogen through HRT revealed that the prefrontal cortex is positively affected by estrogen by enhancing the working memory (Jordahl et al. 2015). It proposes that estrogen play a significant role in certain functions of the frontal lobe in women. The women who utilized HRT subsequent to menopause did not gained additional weight in comparison to the women who did not utilize HRT (Kuh et al., 2016). In addition, the women who used HRT together with a component of estrogen exhibited positive effects in their sexual life, as their sexual sensitivity and sexual drive increased but the effects were contradictory across women (Kotsopoulos et al. 2016). In addition to the benefits, there are also some identified risks of this therapy as some researchers have proved that some HRT forms enhance the risk of womb (endometrial) cancer. (Tucker et al. 2016). Nonetheless, previous research has revealed that the integrated form of HRT poses a bigger risk of developing breast cancer in comparison to estrogen or tibolone. It can result in side effects such as headaches, indigestion, nausea, vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain (Shapiro et al. 2013). A study in the menopausal women utilizing HRT along with progestin as the main constituent of the therapy revealed some negative effects with respect to hearing that highlighted the significance of selecting bioidentical progesterone rather than synthetic progestin. It has also been revealed in some of the situations that menopausal women who had a role of caregiving and receiving HRT are more prone to suffer from cardiovascular diseases (Kuh et al., 2016). To avoid the risks of HRT, it is necessary to utilize the most efficient delivery method of progesterone as well as estrogen. The patients and the healthcare providers should discuss the benefit and risks of the individuals particularly the women. If the individuals decided to take HRT, then it should be of a lowest dose and that assists for the shortest time required. It is a kind of hormone therapy in which the patients during their course of medical treatment are made to receive hormones either for supplementing a shortage of hormones that occur naturally or for substituting other hormones in place of the naturally occurring hormones (Shapiro et al. 2013). References Axelrod, J. ed., 2013.The pineal gland and its endocrine role(Vol. 65). Springer Science Business Media. Boron, W.F. and Boulpaep, E.L., 2016.Medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Burgos, J., Arana, I., Garitano, I., Rodrguez, L., Cobos, P., Osuna, C., del Mar Centeno, M. and Fernndez-Llebrez, L., 2016. Induction of labor in breech presentation at term: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of perinatal medicine. Fuxe, K. ed., 2013.Central regulation of the endocrine system(Vol. 42). Springer Science Business Media. Hall, J.E., 2015.Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hardie, D.G., 2015. AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis.Current opinion in cell biology,33, pp.1-7. Hou, N., Hong, S., Wang, W., Olopade, O.I., Dignam, J.J. and Huo, D., 2013. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: heterogeneous risks by race, weight, and breast density.Journal of the National Cancer Institute,105(18), pp.1365-1372. Jordahl, K.M., Doody, D.R., Zhang, Y., Yan, D., Randolph, T.W., Johnson, L.G., Li, C.I., Kelsey, K., Houseman, E.A., Wang, P. and Malone, K.E., 2015. Hormone replacement therapy and genome-wide DNA methylation among post-menopausal women.Cancer Research,75(15 Supplement), pp.2772-2772. Kenkel, W.M., Yee, J.R. and Carter, C.S., 2014. Is oxytocin a maternalfoetal signalling molecule at birth? Implications for development.Journal of neuroendocrinology,26(10), pp.739-749. Kotsopoulos, J., Huzarski, T., Gronwald, J., Moller, P., Lynch, H.T., Neuhausen, S.L., Senter, L., Demsky, R., Foulkes, W.D., Eng, C. and Karlan, B., 2016. Hormone replacement therapy after menopause and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers: a casecontrol study.Breast cancer research and treatment,155(2), pp.365-373. Kuh, D., Muthuri, S., Cooper, R., Moore, A., MacKinnon, K., Cooper, C., Adams, J.E., Hardy, R. and Ward, K.A., 2016. Menopause, reproductive life, hormone replacement therapy and bone phenotype at age 6064: a British birth cohort.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, pp.jc-2016. Labhart, A., 2012.Clinical endocrinology: theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Melmed, S., Polonsky, K.S., Larsen, P.R. and Kronenberg, H.M., 2015.Williams textbook of endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Norris, D.O. and Carr, J.A., 2013.Vertebrate endocrinology. Academic Press. Ramsay, D.S. and Woods, S.C., 2014. Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.Psychological review,121(2), p.225. Shapiro, S., Farmer, R.D., Stevenson, J.C., Burger, H.G., Mueck, A.O. and Gompel, A., 2013. Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies.Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care,39(2), pp.80-88. Sherwood, L., 2015.Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning. Tucker, P.E., Bulsara, M.K., Salfinger, S.G., Tan, J.J.S., Green, H. and Cohen, P.A., 2016. The effects of pre-operative menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on sexuality and quality of life after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy.Maturitas,85, pp.42-48. Waugh, A. and Grant, A., 2014.Ross Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness. Elsevier Health Sciences. Zarrow, M.X., 2012.Experimental endocrinology: a sourcebook of basic techniques. Elsevier.

Informative Speech On Terrorism Essays - Terrorism,

Informative Speech On Terrorism INTRO Imagine yourself flying in a plane to US for a summer job. You are travelling to experience new country, job, to meet new friends from all over the world. And you think that you are really happy to be in that position. Everything seems to be perfect in your life, except some insignificant details. But all of a sudden an armed psycho puts a gun barrel to your head and proclaims that he wants to change the plane course, and if this will not be done he will kill you. You never know how serious his intentions can be. You begin to fell panic realizing that you can die very soon. What will happen next? Will the pilot change the course? Will the mad guy kill you to show others that his intentions are serious and just grab a new victim? Or will he explode a bomb and everyone in the plane will die? You never know. Most of you probably have already understood that today I am going to talk to you about terrorists and their actions. I am doing a research paper for my written communications class and I have read much information about the issue. So, my speech will consist of three points. 1st I'll explain the definition of terrorism and some background of it. 2ndly I' talk about 4 major types of terrorists Finally We'll look at some actions that governments do to prevent terrorism. ---------------------------------------------------1------------------------------------------------------------- In every kind of society, in all periods of history, there are people who are not satisfied with the laws, rules, regulations, politics or social situation. Some of them cannot find legal ways to make themselves noticeable, or to change something. The legal ways like working, seeking a good career seem to them ineffective, or they simply do not have appropriate attitudes for them. Therefore, they choose the way of violence and arrogance directed against the peaceful people. The people, who practice violence against the others to make an influence on government in order to reach their financial or political goals, are called terrorists. Their actions are called terrorism. Nowadays, there are more and more peaceful people suffering because of the different forms of terrorism all over the world. Terrorism is a rather old phenomenon. Even in the first century AD, in Palestine, there was a sect of the Sicarians, which used to kill the Jews who had common deals with the Romans ( Boltunov). In the nineteenth century Philosophy of the bomb prevailed. This philosophy supported the principle by which small groups of people would be able to cause the very maximum of chaos (quot. Encyclopaedia Britannica p.232). -------------------------------------------------------2-------------------------------------------------------- First of all, there are terrorists who are fanatics. They act this way because of their strong believes about certain kinds of politics or religion. They are sure that their actions will bring a benefit to their country and will help to change the life people in a good way. They believe that they are fighting for right moral principles. There were some peaceful victims during the action. Usually, it is necessary to pay with blood for the better future (quot. Boltunov M. p.32). Second, very common type of the terrorists is sadists. The people who do not accept any rules and regulations at all. They hate to be controlled by somebody. They do not care about the people's lives. They need power, and they prefer to reach it by using violence. Usually such people prefer to take hostages. It is real pleasure for them to feel that they have a right to decide who will be killed, and who will stay alive. Third main group includes the people who have different kinds of mental problems. The menta l thinking of such people may also include the moral features of the terrorists from both of the previously mentioned types. They also seek power and act fanatically. Their logical conclusions are mostly unpredictable, therefore, it is quite difficult to fight with them. They are called maniacs. Beside these three main groups, there are also many single terrorists who act because of their personal motivations. It is impossible to describe all of them. They can vary from person to person.

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Essays

INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Essays INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Essay INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY Essay Essay Topic: Rene Descartes The term Philosophy signifies the adoration for knowledge. In a wide sense, philosophy is an action people attempt when they try to comprehend essential truths concerning their welfare and also the world and the link they have to the world and each other. As a scholastic control theory is much the same. The individuals who study philosophy are never-endingly occupied with asking, replying, and contending for their solutions forevers most fundamental inquiries. Methodology can be defined as an arrangement of expansive standards or principles from which particular strategies might be determined to translate or tackle distinctive issues inside the extent of a specific discipline. There are various ways in which Socrates demonstrates what it takes to be a philosopher. The first is through his ignorance as he had not recognized that he had wisdom in him. He gives an example of the craftsmen who possess the proper understanding of their craft but claim to know much than they know. This awareness of the absence of understanding is what is termed as Socratic ignorance. This made Socrates challenge many Athens concerning what they claimed to know and proved them otherwise. Secondly is the care about the soul where Socrates maintained that a person ought to prioritize his soul than anything else in the world (Ambury, 2013). Socrates believed that many people do value their wealth, bodies and reputation more than their souls. The mission that Socrates was sent to undertake of caring for the souls extended to the Athens. He argues that the City of Athens was a gift from God so as he can enhance the city. Without philosophical request, the popular government gets to be stagnant and careless, in threat of hurting itself as well as other people. The last thing that demonstrates that Socrates was a philosopher is through the concept of unexamined life. Socrates after he was convicted and a life sentence was applied to him, he tells the court that he will never maintain silence as unexamined life is not a good life for the human beings. Therefore, Socrates believed that we are supposed to defend our lives and maintain those views that dictate what a meaning life should be. The reason for the analyzed life is to reflect upon our ordinary inspirations and values and to in this way ask into what genuine worth, assuming any, they have. Plato calls it the imperceptible looks of things. It can be a figure. Plato trusts that there is somebody shape that all comparative activities show and which causes us to name them the same (Monaghan, 2010). According to Socrates, a form has to meet the following characteristics such as static, eternal, motionless, and in divisible. Euthyphro characterized pity as how to speak and do what is satisfying to the divine beings in supplication and penance. This was wrong as gods do not be deficient in anything. Therefore, there is no gain from anything they get from us. He also defined pious as what pleases the gods. Socrates viewed thing definition as wrong as what is believed to please the gods is not per se explained by this fact. This implies that one ought to separate the world into two things that they can control and those they cannot control. Therefore, knowing your limitations will help in living a happy life. An example of this is controlling your anger towards your brother as nature dictates brothers to live in harmony. Things like death are beyond our control and thus, we ought to know these limitations. Freedom is associated with this in that if we remain in line with what nature holds, our liberty will be uplifted as, for example, violation of the law can lead to imprisonment limiting ones freedom. Free dom entails the power that one has in acting, speaking or even thinking without any restriction. Epictetus was a slave and an educator whereby he later realized his freedom from slavery and taught in Greece and Rome. He argues that things that are in authority are free from control but those things not in power are prone to weakness and can be subjected to restraint (Mark, 2012). Epictetus talks of formal education in context as it shapes ones understanding and enables one to see things from another perspective that those who are not learned cannot see. He talks about the understanding of self to know our faults and refrain from blaming other people for our mistakes. This is because education enlightens one and equips him with the right knowledge about how to relate with people and accept their responsibility without questioning. He people who have got no education cannot comprehend their mistakes as the view their actions as right. The uneducated people are often ignorance and this is the reason they fail to acknowledge their mistakes. This is because they lack self-awareness that enable people recognize their faults and accept them as no one is perfect in this life. Descartes argues that people do not want to assume there is God who is the only source of our deception but instead believe there is a demon responsible for deceiving us. This adventure demonstrates how a normal illusion can fool people but can be distinguished from reality. It is because people are unable to differentiate between illusion and reality hence blaming the evil for their misfortunes. In this contention, Descartes construct his contentions in light of reality where he accepts there are groupings of conditions that are non-fundamental properties that rely on upon essential properties (substance). Notwithstanding, there exist other groupings of made substances that rely on upon boundless substance and free substance that is a god (Kenny, 1997). Along these lines, Descartes contends that god has abnormal state of reality than some other substance and in this manner god is interminable and free, uncreated while different substances are limited, subordinate and made. He depicts the distinction between objective and formal reality. He views forma reality is the sort of reality something has by ideals of the sort of thing it is. Modes, limited substances, and unbounded substance(s) all have formal reality, however not to the same degree. He also described objective reality as just by representations, that is, by things that remains for different things. Presently the rep resentations Descartes is fundamentally intrigued by are thoughts. ;Reference Ambury, J. (2013).;Socrates;(469399 B.C.E.). Retrieved from iep.utm.edu/socrates/ Kenny, Anthony, (1997). Descartes Ontological Argument, in Descartes Meditations: Critical Essays, Vere Chappell (ed.), New York: Rowman ; Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 177194. Mark, J. (2012). From Slavery To Freedom: Epictetus Path. Retrieved from ancient.eu/article/173/ Monaghan, P. X. (May 01, 2010). A Novel Interpretation of Platos Theory of Forms. Metaphysica : International Journal for Ontology and Metaphysics, 11, 1, 63-78.

Molecular Biology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Molecular Biology - Lab Report Example Dpn I and Fse I together: fragments of 0.5 kb, 1.1 kb, 1.6 kb and 2.3 kb Dpn I, Eag I and Fse I together: fragments of 0.3 kb, 0.5 kb, 0.6 kb, 1.0 kb, 1.1 kb and 2.0 kb a) How many restriction sites are there for each enzyme What, if any, are the unique restriction sites on this plasmid Ans. Dpn I = 3, Eag I = 2, Fse I = No RS. There are unique restriction sites for Fse I, this restriction enzyme works in conjunction with the Dpn I and Eag I. b) Construct a restriction map of the plasmid and draw it below. Cloning Strategies Question 4 (28%) Describe outline cloning strategies, including vector types (individual vectors need not be specified) and methods used at each stage, for the following scenarios: Worked example You wish to isolate the coding sequence of a human liver enzyme. You have purified the corresponding bovine enzyme and have raised a polyclonal antibody against it. - Make a cDNA library from human liver tissue - this will be enriched for the genes for liver enzymes. - Create the library in an expression vector with a strong promoter so the genes are expressed in the host. - Screen the induced expression library for the presence of the desired liver enzyme using the bovine polyclonal antibody. The antibody will bind to the colonies which produce the protein they recognise. Although the match may not be exact there should be enough conserved homology to ensure recognition. - Positive colonies will be identified by visualising the label on the bound antibody/secondary antibody in the colony hybridisation. a) You have a cDNA clone containing the 900 bp coding sequence of a cell surface protein from pygmy goat monocytes. How can you use this to find the homologous cDNA from the merino sheep b) Having...The results are as follows: step. f1 IG SEQUENCE: to make single stranded DNA for sequencing UNIVERSAL PRIMER SEQUENCE: for primer to anneal to, to initiate sequencing SELECTABLE MARKER (eg lacZ'): to allow selection of clones containing the insert MCS POLYLINKER: insert fragment of DNA here 3.0 kb You must describe the function of the essential features of each plasmid and give some indication of the plasmid size. For expression vectors you must bear in mind the host cells in which the coding sequence will be expressed. a) Nonsense: The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway degrades mRNAs transcribed from genes in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins. c) Splicing: A stage in the processing of mRNA, occurring only in eukaryotic cells, in which intervening sequences (introns) are removed from the primary RNA transcript (hnRNA) and the codig exons are joined together to form the mature mRNA molecule. url:www.geneontology.org . d) Promoter: A nucleotide sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription. It usually lies upstream of (5' to) a coding sequence. A promoter sequence aligns the RNA polymerase so that transcription will initiate at a specific site. e) Reading Frame: A series of triple

Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Credit Crunch - Essay Example This paper briefly analyses the major reasons for the credit crunch started in the last year. The major reason for the current financial crisis is the unwise lending habits of the financial institutions like banks. â€Å"Banks found ways to increase the number of mortgage loans through strategies such as interest only mortgages, 100% mortgages and lending to people with poor credit histories† (Who is to Blame for Credit Crunch?). American public have the habit of spending all the money they earned without saving anything for the future. When they are need of money they approached the banks and the banks were ready to give them loans as much as they required, without assessing their financial capabilities. Banks never calculated that an economic crisis like the current one may happen in near future. The banks thought that the global economy is a renewable source. They consider it as an ocean of wealth which will never be exhausted. The allocation of resources in the case of a bank is mainly the loans of different forms to the customers. This allocation has not been don e properly by the banks. They have allotted loans to all the people irrespective of the financial strengths of the customers. They have not conducted any reviews to assess the financial setups of the customer at present and also they failed to forecast the future. On the other hand, the greedy customers accepted all the offers from the banks with both hands. They have approached the banks for everything and the banks were ready to fulfill their dreams. The banks were too focused on selling their goods or services rather than buying the goods or services. They thought the success of banking business rest on selling rather than purchasing. They never bothered too much about the returns against the services they provided. In their opinion, American economy was capable of facing any challenges or threats from the

BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY OF 3 INDEPENDENT FILM PRODUCERS

BIOGRAPHICAL OF 3 INDEPENDENT FILM PRODUCERS - Essay Example He was one of those famous personalities who dropped out the university due to poor grades! This could be well judged by his saying, Mentoring relationship is considered as a main entity for famous personalities who make them get a competitive edge. Same with case of film industry, every producer, director etc. needs a mentor. Allen’s mentor is Ingmar Bergman who is always there to offer him support, guidance and inspiration. Woody Allen was personally inspired by famous characters such as Charlie Chaplin, Fellini and Bergman. His most of the movies were the result of his motivation gained through New York City and European cinema. His earlier profession started when he began writing scripts for â€Å"the Ed Sullivan show, the tonight show and Caesar’s Hour†. His career as a â€Å"stand-up comedian† started in 1960. Through his unique style of writing and acting he soon gain fame as a popular comedian on screen and stage both (Woody Allen). His debut film as director released in 1966 What’s Up Tiger Lily? After that various movies directed by him include Take the money and run, followed by his hit movies Annie Hall, the purple rose of Cairo, Match Point and Hannah and her sisters. These romantic-comedies won academy awards. Later on, 1970s was the era of his personal movies which got extended to dark comedic suspense movies in 1990s. He managed secured funding through various financial support offered through BBC, his filming locations such as New York, United Kingdom and by casting famous rich personalities in his movies like France’s first lady Carla Bruni. Allen’s artistic philosophies had many roots. He always thought about how far we people know, understand what we knew, sure enough of what we know and consider them knowing worthwhile! He always highlighted the facts that people are afraid to share or expose to others. He also focused on the dark secrets of nature

Market Analysis Of The Cleaning Sector Management Essay

Market Analysis Of The Cleaning Sector Management Essay The Cleaning Industry National Training Organisation (CINTO) has suggested that the UK cleaning industry is valued in the region of  £12bn, 2.7 million households in the UK spend as much as  £11 billion annually on domestic help, the rise in two-salary household and more disposable income but limited time for domestic chores necessitates this, the cleaning industry presently employs about 820,000 people. The industry is mainly dominated by small organisations and has 72% of all UK cleaning staff employed in firms with less than ten employees. A third of these firms are operated by sole proprietors. CINTO is of the opinion that the cleaning industry is resistant to economic recession as a result of the huge demand and inevitability of service. Competition is stiffer however in commercial cleaning sector than domestic. This can therefore affect profit margin. Regardless of the intense competition, the cleaning industry is a booming industry with an impressive growth in the contract cleaning market from  £4 billion in 1996 to  £6 billion in 2004. Below is a tabulated STEP analysis of the cleaning sector. Social Population and market consist of 61 million people with 67% in the working class, 16.2% aged and 16.4% under aged. Labour is predominantly made up of migrant workers. Industrial servicing. Subject to environmental protection agency laws Economic The sector is slightly affected by the economic downturn but not significantly as it is a service sector and inevitable to all households in the UK. Demand cuts through all class and age structure in the UKespecially the working class which accounts for 67% of the UK population. This sector is a sub sector of the service sector that accounts for a large portion of the UK GDP. Theres been a shift in demand preference to price from quality and innovation because of the economic downturn. Increased competitiveness. Technological General services of cleaning, trash pickup, floor polishing, and the specialty services of cleaning carpet and ducts and washing windows. Staff cleaning buildings and houses by hand or with the help of basic equipment like floor polishers. Operations is labour-intensive Sector is labour intensive Simple machines and technology needed. POLITICAL Government legislation and regulation with respect to waste disposal. Organised and influential association body with intense pressure on government. Low government aid policies. According to MBD (Market and Business Development) report on the sector, Contract cleaning in the UK has grown by over 12 per cent in the past five years and is expected to increase by a further 13 per cent between now and 2011. The UK Cleaning Market 2004-2012:- There were over 4,300 individual contract cleaning firms active in the UK in 2008, though the industry remains particularly consolidated in value terms, with the firms in this study contributing more than 80% of the total market revenue. It has been suggested that 30% of contract cleaning firms are considered at risk in 2009 with the growing problem of customer retention. Customer loyalty is considered less prevalent, and customers of contract cleaners are continually searching for more competitive prices. This competitive trend in the market is pushing price competition in an environment where demand is reducing as smaller firms are internalising certain cleaning duties instead of outsourcing. The downturn in capital expenditure of contract cleaning firms will undoubtedly affect cleaning equipment manufacturers and suppliers in the short term, with a reduction in demand also aggravated by increasing pricing pressure as Contract Cleaning firms attempt to achieve greater cost reduction measures. The impact for tool and equipment manufacturers are less positive with regards to supplying to this sector in the short term, the need for effective marketing strategies therefore arises to target those companies who are performing well in the market. The cleaning sector provides employment for over 450,000 people in nearly 32,000 firms. Table 2: Workplaces and Employees within the Cleaning Sector in Great Britain. Source: Annual Business Inquiry, ONS, 2005 2006 85% of all cleaning companies have 10 or less employees. 1% of companies has over 200 staff and provides jobs for approximately half of all the cleaning employees. The current uncertain world economy makes analysis of current and future economic performance very difficult. Staffing and retention remains key themes for the sector as it struggles to maintain a stable workforce. This has been made worse by the pressure on sales and the stiff competition within the environment. The effect of the global economic downturn on the sector has been viewed as been less subjective as with other sectors since cleaning is an inevitable service. As expected however, employee training suffers a decline as profit margin reduces. Profit margins remains reduced in the sector, at about 5% in 2006, having been squeezed by 28% between 2002 and 2006. Labour costs consist of about 73% of all costs, this having been increased by 13.2% over the period 2002-2006. Gross Value Added (GVA) per worker (measured as the average financial contribution to turnover each employee within a sector generates) was  £9,600 in 2006 compared to a whole economy average of  £33,300. In 2006, seven companies had 25% of the market share (as a percentage of total value), as seen below. Table 1: Market share, (as a percentage of total value) in 2006 Source: Marketing Research for Industry, Feb 2000 A major challenge of this sector is the credit crunch and the effect it has on the sectors quality service delivery given the budget. Recruitment and retention are also key issues, issues regarding labour force attraction and motivation to family friendly labour policies. Future issues to be considered include the need to improve marketing to attract new clients, management of skills gap and planning is vital. The take-up of qualifications within the industry has been low and almost half of employers dont have a Level 2 or equivalent qualification. 16% of the sector is not aware of Vocational Qualifications, though their appropriateness is called into question. A third of all firms believe they take too long in delivering and five in ten believe they are too complicated. The BICSc (British Institute of Cleaning Science) is the most common qualification held. Cleaning firms suffer from increased rate of staff turnover which has been known to be closed to 75% in some cases, with most cleaning staff staying in employment for up to 12 weeks cleaners. 6% of cleaning firms advertised skills vacancies in 2007 -according to the National Employer Skills Survey 2007, this was primarily in elementary occupations and machine operatives. 80% of elementary occupations were categorised as difficult to fill positions. Almost 800 companies advertised these positions and were located within the West Midlands, South West and South East. Reasons for these difficult to fill vacancies are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inadequate personnel interested in engaging in this type of job (28%). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inadequate number of applicants generally (16%). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Low number of applicants with the required attitude and motivation (13%). The implication of these vacancies is the increased workload of other staff. Cleaning firms have alleged that they have: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increasing cost of operation; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Difficulty in matching quality standards requirements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delay in developing new products. As a result of the above issues, 50% of firms have increased their advertising and recruitment campaign and most of the firms are increasingly trying new ways of recruitment. Reductions in some skills area have been identified in the Cleaning Industry, these include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Management and leadership; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Technical skills; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Literacy, numeracy and ESOL A key driver in the sector is the changing form of procurement. The process of procurement has become increasingly formalised and has most part been subject to European Union Commission guidelines, more challenges are therefore placed on cleaning firms in this sector. A recent report implied the importance of migrant workers within the industry. Firms in the cleaning sector are faced with an ageing workforce and recruitment issues, these firms have therefore been able to tap into the large resource of migrant workers, this has culminated in 37% of Englands cleaning labour being classified as migrant labour. Firms have been able to recruit more efficiently and cost effectively as well, however the only hinderance to this is the issue of language which is being subdued by coping the strategies from employer. Regional Distribution of cleaning companies within England, 2006 There are increasing demands being placed on the industry due to increased regulation and Visibility which, in time, it is anticipated will reveal greater skill needs. There are a couple of key issues as regards the cleaning sector, they include,  · Recruitment difficulties for domestic cleaning jobs because of competition from other sectors.  · Increased day-time cleaning and expanding skill mix needed  · Employment of migrant workers without language barrier.  · Employing expertise cleaning operatives into supervisory and managerial positions with inadequate training.  · Forecasted job losses of over 90,000 between 2004 and 2014 but concerns of replacement demand still workable.  · Pressure from customers for more work per capita in order to deliver contracts with less people  · Low rate of retention.  · Lack of long term investment in staff  · Difficulties in recruiting new employees into the workforce  · Misconstrued negative image for the sector discourages prospective minds to commit to a career in the industry.  · Skills gaps in managing teams, project management, problem solving and resource allocation, customer care, and managing change for supervisors and managers  · Mixed quality of training provision with low retention rates and qualification  · Inadequate filling of management training slots in the industry  · A small size of employers in the industry had a budget for training of employees.  · Unaccredited training for staffs.  · Employers want tailor fit training that meets their immediate needs and well as their budget.  · The key issues to training to training include the margins on contracts where training is perceived as a cost, career progression is seen as a mirage, shift work and problems of release, and inflexible modes of delivery. The cleaning sector is a low tech business characterized by ease of entry and entry. Highly competitive, reduces pricing and subsequently profits. Convenience is key in the cleaning sector, location to the market and fast turnaround on clothes so also cleanliness of the item are important. Consumer care little about what euipments or technology dat has being used as long as the the cleaning service is fast, convenient and effective. A model has been designed to address a couple of the sectors issues and it is outlined

HIV in Singapore

To extend the impact of our effort to curb the spread of HIV, we propose to continue and improve on our outreach effort targeted at the Chinese speaking Geylang crowd, and to initiate a campaign targeted at youths. The main objective of both efforts would be to encourage condom use and promote HIV testing as means to prevent the spread of HIV. On top of having both campaigns, we would like to propose making HIV testing more convenient by assisting with the implementation of a Mobile HIV Testing Van (MTV) service. Continuing and Improving Current Efforts to Reach Out to the Chinese Speaking Geylang Crowd 1. Printing more Pamphlets Having conducted an outreach event at Geylang, we found that the majority of our target audience read the educational pamphlet, and did so with a certain measure of contemplation – an indication of their rational riders being influenced by facts such as the ability to prolong one’s life if early treatment for HIV is sought, the benefits of condom usage and where the HIV test can be taken. Due to the limited number of pamphlets printed thus far, we foresee that more will be needed for future outreach events. Thus, we propose to have part of the budget allocated for this purpose. 2. Printing of Taglines Encouraging Condom Usage on Condom Covers. Redesigning the box used to contain condoms for distribution. Our group conceived a series of short, catchy taglines to encourage condom use. Condom covers with these taglines could be produced and distributed during outreach events. The taglines conceived were meant to direct our audience’s emotional elephants by evoking positive feelings about condom use – by asserting that love making can be equally pleasurable even when condoms are worn. To further engage our audience’s emotional elephants, we propose that an effort be made to conceive suitably ‘hard’ messages evoking anxiety and fear by highlighting the risks of doing away with condoms. Some of these ‘hard’ taglines could put across the message an underestimation of the one’s chances of contracting HIV is a contributing factor leading to HIV infection. By focusing attention on this ‘black swan’ in HIV being closer to home than it is often thought to be, our target audience may be encouraged to use condoms. These ‘hard’ messages could then be similarly printed on condom covers and distributed during outreach events together with those having ‘soft’ taglines, thus producing a carrot and stick effect that could further improve our effort to encourage condom usage. Also, the boxes used to store condoms could be changed to make it less obvious that it contains condoms, as it currently is. The purpose of doing so would be to encourage the taking up of these condoms, as regardless of whether those approached are seeking paid sex or not, they may nonetheless avoid accepting the condoms altogether because they do not wish to be seen in public as having done so, as evidenced when approaching some members of the public. To overcome such reluctance, the condoms (with the taglines printed on their covers) could be packed into larger rectangular top opening boxes such as those containing sweets (like how the sweet Ricola is packaged), with plain messages such ‘specially for you’ as that would serve to mask the true contents of the package. 3. Associating Condom Use and Regular HIV Testing with Responsible Behaviour In addition to distributing condoms and educational pamphlets, we propose to utilise the behaviour changing effects of social identity promotion to encourage condom usage and regular HIV testing. Posters juxtaposing images of Chinese males, representing all adult age groups, with condom use messages and them going for regular HIV testing could be printed and put up at places where our target audience often congregate – lanes leading to coffee shops and eateries along Geylang. These posters would portray these males as being socially responsible. As most would not wish to be labelled as irresponsible, the effects of projecting such an image could serve to encourage condom use and regular HIV testing. This effort to create such a social identity could be made more effective if a greater number of older volunteers (over 40s) are involved in such outreach events. These older volunteers could serve as leading lights of their age group and potentially relate better with our target audience, since both could see each other as peers. As there is a lack of volunteers belonging to this age group, we propose that an effort be made to seek such volunteers. One way we could do so would be to seek volunteers from grassroots organisations such as community clubs and public housing residents committees (RCs), since these bodies consist of people with an existing spirit of volunteerism and mainly belong to this age group. Extending our Impact to another Target Group – Youths/Young Adults Why Youths/Young Adults? It can be reasonably inferred from statistical data that youths (below 20) and young adults (20-30) are either becoming more sexually active or engaging in riskier sexual behaviour. The number of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) amongst youths rocketed by 118% between 2000 and 2008, while that of young adults increased by 67% during the same period1. Given these societal trends, this group seems increasing vulnerable to contracting HIV. Thus, we propose to mount a HIV prevention effort targeted at this group through similar means such as the promotion of condom use, regular HIV testing and creating a social identity to promote responsible sexual behaviour. 1. Going to Where Youths/Young Adults Are Instead of focusing on the Geylang red-light district, we propose establishing a presence at places where there’s a higher concentration of youths/young adults who are more likely to be sexually active and or engage in regrettable sexual behaviour. Some of these places would include entertainment nightspots such as clubs and pubs where the flow of alcohol and its adverse intoxicating effects are more keenly felt. 2. Distributing Educational Pamphlets and Condoms The content of the educational pamphlets targeted at the Chinese speaking Geylang crowd could be translated into English to cater to the younger set. The pamphlets could also include information, that would otherwise be absent in the Chinese-language version targeting the older crowd, directing our audience to social media sites (such as Facebook) where Action for Aids has a presence. We also propose modifying the taglines to be printed on condom covers, to appeal to the younger crowd. These taglines could include cheeky English language ones that the young can relate to. As with the Chinese speaking Geylang crowd, we propose to craft a social identity for the young who are sexually active, that would positively associate them with condom use and having regular HIV tests, by promoting their ‘clear’ HIV status as an asset. Assisting Action for Aids with the Implementation of a Mobile HIV Testing Van (MTV) Service Action for Aids (AFA) has plans to introduce a MTV service, to make HIV testing more convenient. Otherwise, AFA only has one test site at Kelantan Lane that may be out of the way. As the operational costs of such a van are high, and that the service will have to be chargeable, we propose committing part of our $1000 budget to subsidising these tests (the ones at AFA’s Anonymous Test Site cost $30) during the initial phase of the van’s operation, so as to allow the public to first acquaint themselves with the quality and safety of the service provided.

Free Essays on Human Needs

What makes a life a truly human one? Is it possible to make a sort of identification when a â€Å"life has been so impoverished that it is not worthy of the dignity of the human being?† (Women, Culture and Development, p.74). This is the very question Martha Nussbaum, leading female Aristotelian philosopher, addresses throughout various pieces of her work. What she has tried to do is establish a list of central capabilities â€Å"that can be convincingly argued to be of central importance in any human life; whatever else the person pursues or chooses† (Women, Culture and Development, p.74). Nussbaum’s goal is to clarify and develop the so-called â€Å"capabilities approach†, an approach to the recognition of the quality of life originally presented by the Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen. I intend to evaluate and analyze Nussbaum’s work on the subject from the perspective of Cicero and the Stoics and that of non-Western thinkers. What's more, I hope to set in motion a new conceptualization concerning the assessment and attainment of the good life. In view of the list of capabilities, Nussbaum supposes that if a life lacks any of these said capabilities, no matter what else it includes, the life being examined will not be deemed as a good human life. Upon reading, the list she has created is most obviously quite extensive and by all means can be seen as generally obtainable, but the question at hand is whether or not it is universal? Cicero and the Stoics will agree that such a list can be in fact objectively determined but would assess that Nussbaum’s revision of Amartya Sen’s original compilation is much too long. On the other hand, such scholars like Frederique Apffel Marglin would completely disagree with Nussbaum’s efforts, saying that her account of what constitutes a good life is culturally biased, imposing Western thought upon a non-Western way of life. Specific human relationships within Nussbaum’s system are ... Free Essays on Human Needs Free Essays on Human Needs What makes a life a truly human one? Is it possible to make a sort of identification when a â€Å"life has been so impoverished that it is not worthy of the dignity of the human being?† (Women, Culture and Development, p.74). This is the very question Martha Nussbaum, leading female Aristotelian philosopher, addresses throughout various pieces of her work. What she has tried to do is establish a list of central capabilities â€Å"that can be convincingly argued to be of central importance in any human life; whatever else the person pursues or chooses† (Women, Culture and Development, p.74). Nussbaum’s goal is to clarify and develop the so-called â€Å"capabilities approach†, an approach to the recognition of the quality of life originally presented by the Nobel Prize winner Amartya Sen. I intend to evaluate and analyze Nussbaum’s work on the subject from the perspective of Cicero and the Stoics and that of non-Western thinkers. What's more, I hope to set in motion a new conceptualization concerning the assessment and attainment of the good life. In view of the list of capabilities, Nussbaum supposes that if a life lacks any of these said capabilities, no matter what else it includes, the life being examined will not be deemed as a good human life. Upon reading, the list she has created is most obviously quite extensive and by all means can be seen as generally obtainable, but the question at hand is whether or not it is universal? Cicero and the Stoics will agree that such a list can be in fact objectively determined but would assess that Nussbaum’s revision of Amartya Sen’s original compilation is much too long. On the other hand, such scholars like Frederique Apffel Marglin would completely disagree with Nussbaum’s efforts, saying that her account of what constitutes a good life is culturally biased, imposing Western thought upon a non-Western way of life. Specific human relationships within Nussbaum’s system are ...

Tourism and Sustainability Whale

Tourism and Sustainability Whale Characteristics for Development of Whale-Watching Industries On the social front, it is evident that although the community in the Vava’u area comprises of only 16,000 people, it has been on the forefront in whale conservation efforts and demonstrates a friendly nature to tourists. Additionally, the community has been effective in using promotional material involving the humpback whales to put Tonga on the world map.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Tourism and Sustainability: Whale-Watching Industries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the economic front, it is clear that tourism is the economic mainstay of the Vava’u area due to the fragile nature of other economic activities particularly in the manufacturing, agricultural, forestry and service sectors, hence making the area a fertile breeding ground for the development of modern whale-watching industries. Concerning the natural environment, the Vava’u Island group in the Kingdom of Tonga is not only located in a tropical climate with warm, sheltered waters, but also prides itself for hosting one of the whale species most popular for tourism. The high quality marine environments in the area ensure the availability of humpback whales, which often visit the area for mating, birthing, and raising young calves. Non-Economic Impacts of Whales and Whale-Watching As demonstrated by the author of the article, tourism activities occasion both economic and non-economic impacts in the destination area or country. In the context of the Island of Tonga, whales and whale-watching activities are likely to occasion difficulties in hosting large numbers of tourists, environmental pollution and degradation, conflict between operators, resentment in the local community fuelled by increasingly large numbers of tourists, and internalization of vices such as prostitution and gambling among the local people. Other non-economic impacts of w hales and whale-watching activities likely to affect the Island of Tonga include inflationary pressure in the local economy, loss of local control on how local resources are managed and distributed, as well as environmental degradation due to the establishment of numerous whale-watching businesses in the area. However, a positive non-economic impact for the Island concerns the change of attitudes and value systems among the local community, especially in terms of valuing and conserving the humpback whales as a critical resource for social and economic development of the Kingdom. Factors influencing Potential Future Growth of Whale Watching Some of the factors that will guarantee the future growth of whale-watching industry in Vava’u Island group, as demonstrated by the author, include (1) developing adequate transportation, accommodation, and other elements of the tourism infrastructure, (2) attaining long-term political stability not only in the Island of Tonga but also in S outh Pacific region, (3) establishing convenient and reliable airline connections to boost tourists’ arrivals, (4) dealing with unsustainable whale hunting practices, (4) establishing proper management practices for whale-watching activities, (5) dealing with negative social, economic and environmental impacts associated with tourism, (6) maintaining a stringent code of practice for whale-watching operators to minimise negative impacts associated with competition, and (7) establishing adequate conservation initiatives for the humpback whales to maintain their health and value.Advertising Looking for assessment on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important to note that several factors discussed in the article, including degradation of the natural environment, non-involvement of the local community and proliferation of unsustainable hunting practices may actually hamper the growth of the whale-watching industry in the future if immediate corrective measures are not taken. Overall, it can be suggested that the sustainability efforts undertaken to guarantee the expansion of the whale-watching industry in the Island of Tonga are bearing fruits.

The Role of Women in African Society Term Paper

The Role of Women in African Society - Term Paper Example According to various kinds of literature published on development issues by The International Monitory Fund and the World Bank, the conditions of African women living in Sub-Saharan Africa is probably the bleakest on earth (Blackden 34) One cannot but recoil in shock and revulsion at the way women have been facing the twin trauma of being denied their basic human rights that every nation is supposed to guarantee to their citizens and the misfortune of being subjugated with callous disregard and disrespect in their own families. For many African women, daily life is a nightmarish reality and sheer horror, with diseased and impoverished children and community living in appalling conditions. To add insult to injury, African women customarily face the demeaning prospect of being abandoned by their husbands whose behavior could even unreservedly turn violent. Recent observations in Africa reveal that it is not uncommon for a woman to be banished from their homes and even community, resulting in untold pain, suffering, and humiliation to the woman. (Blackden 34). Nevertheless, the story does not always end in despair and tragedy. The story revolves around Ramatoulaye, a prototype of the writer herself, and the enigma and frustration she goes through as a result of abandonment by her husband for a younger girl who happens to be his daughter's friend. The consequent events in the story poignantly weaves the destiny of a woman who prefers to stay back by her errant husband's side enduring the trauma and finds solace in her religion which she faithfully follows in spite of the ordeal she is made to undergo in a society claiming to follow the very religion she also adheres to. While the author portrays Ramatoulaye's stoic handling of her unfortunate situation, she also goes a step further and provides a dash of rebellion by the character of Aissatou, Ramatoulaye's friend, who divorces her husband and migrates to the United States to pursue a more cheerful and rational environment.  

Expansion On Authur Millers Death Of A salesman Essay

Expansion On Authur Millers Death Of A salesman - Essay Example man, such as an ancient version of Willy Loman from Arthur Miller’s play â€Å"Death of a Salesman,† would be no more shocking or dramatic than fish going bad. However, a modern audience has a much more difficult time relating to the sanctity of the mighty. It is much easier for them to expect downfalls of their leaders and more shocking to them when they see someone more like them, a common man, fail due to his own mistaken beliefs. Thus, in modern times, Miller’s ‘low man’ Willy is the quintessential classic tragic hero of the modern age. Although the tragic hero was a character in ancient Greek plays long before Aristotle codified the term, they all shared these same characteristics that Aristotle identified. As has been mentioned, in ancient times, these ideas were reserved for men who had the potential to reach greatness of some kind – usually men with a claim to nobility. Despite their greatness, they become destined to fail because of some tragic flaw in their character. This tragic flaw is typically, but not always, the flaw of excessive pride in one’s own abilities. No matter what the flaw is, it is always tied strongly to the reasons for their success and is therefore something the individual is justifiably proud to exercise (Aristotle, 1998). According to Zarro (2001), â€Å"the tragic effect will be stronger if the hero is ‘better than we are’, in that he is of higher than ordinary moral worth. Such a man is shown as suffering a change in fortune from happiness to misery because of a mistaken act, to which he is led by his hamartia (his ‘effort of judgment’) or, as it is often literally translated, his tragic flaw.† Society has shifted since then in such a way that today, we consider the common man as having a greater chance of higher than ordinary moral worth in his dedication to making an honest living for modest goals. Today’s tragic hero cycle focuses more on the three events than the noble status. The social

Christian Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christian Education - Research Paper Example Background/History From the beginning, the gospel has always called Christians to teach and to learn. Teaching is a very important means by which the central message of the Christian faith can be communicated. Individual Christians grow as a part of a community of faith. â€Å"Children grow in the faith by the intentional action of parents, pastors, teachers and other members of the community. Christian educators participate in a God-initiated† (Matthew 28:19-20), â€Å"Spirit-empowered activity† (John 14:25-26). The living Word of God works in and through educators as they engage learners in intentional learning activities that fit each learner and are designed to pass on the Faith. In the educational process the Spirit of God encounters the people of God of all ages so that they are nurtured in the faith, grow in knowledge and are inspired and empowered to live as disciples of Jesus Christ, proclaiming the Good News, serving God and others faithfully, and working for peace and justice i n God’s world. B. Hypothesis and Arguement In furtherance of his gospel of ‘integration’, he goes ahead to emphasize the role of the family in forming the minds of children and preparing them for the outside world. In fact, of all the subjects Ken touched upon in his writings, one of the closest to his heart is the family. As one who was brought up by a dedicated mother with no father, he consistently addresses the need for a true Christian home. Leadership in the home was a central theme that runs through his works. His book â€Å"Fathering like the Father: Becoming the dad God wants you to be†, sums up his views.

Challenges Faced by Records Centres in Zimbabwe Essay Example for Free

Challenges Faced by Records Centres in Zimbabwe Essay People frequently turn to technology because they find they cant manage their paper records. Either they are swamped by too much paper on site, or they cant find the documents they need, or both. By itself, technology cannot fix a records management problem; technology applications need a lot of research and planning to be effective. While automating records can be a valuable tool, there are challenges to integrating these technological devices into a record system. Tennessee State Library and Archives states that, a records centre is, â€Å"an interim storage and retrieval facility where inactive records of more than one agency may be administered on behalf of such agencies and may be stored and retrieved conveniently, economically, and in good order and inventory control until their final disposition and yet remain under the access and disposition control of their originating agencies. Roper and Miller (1999; 6) postulates that, â€Å"Records centre is a building or part of a building designed or adapted for the low-cost storage, maintenance and communication of semi-current records pending their ultimate disposal. † The Records Centre is responsible for protecting the records from unauthorized access, damage, and deterioration. Both legal control and control of access to the records is retained by the agency until the records are either transferred to the Archives section or destroyed. Automating as defined by Alexis L (1999; 5), â€Å"is the use of machines, control systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services. † The scholar also propounds that, â€Å"the correct incentive for applying automation is to increase productivity, and/or quality beyond that possible with current human labor levels so as to realize economies of scale, and/or realize predictable quality levels. In the scope of industrialisation, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements while increasing load capacity, speed, and repeatability. † Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. In support to the above, Dorf and Bishop (1998; 8) also states that, â€Å"automating is the control of an industrial process (manufacturing production, and so on) by automating rather that manual means. Roper and Miller (1999; 6) also point out automating as, â€Å"the use of machines or systems to perform tasks normally performed or collected by people. † Some of the challenges that are faced by records centres in Zimbabwe in automating their records systems include, upkeep and maintenance expenses, specialists are required, new hardware and software need to be purchased, local management and workers need to be trained, a complete re-appraisal of specialist staffing may be necessary (the recruitment of systems analyst already familiar with the design and implementation of distributed systems) among others. In relation to upkeep and maintenance expenses, Alexis L (1999; 5) propounds that, â€Å"Once technology is purchased for a records centre, the cost of upkeep and maintenance can be too great for the building to maintain. Outdated software and hardware components can be incompatible with available programs. Also, the cost of repairing broken equipment may be too expensive for records centre budgets. † The researcher also notes that in order for a records centre to successfully automate its records system, there must be a rolling replacement or updating plan in place to keep technology current and useful. There are also incompatibility issues in automating the record systems of records centres in Zimbabwe. According to Harvest (1992; 57), â€Å"Many records centres today have curricula and programs based on state or national assessments. The majority of these tests and measures are paper-and-pencil based in order to make them accessible for all users. Because learning with technology involves typing input into a computer, there is a disconnection between the assessments that determine government funding and the use of technology in the records centres. To adequately prepare for these tests, users need practice with authentic assessments most closely imitating those of the standardized test. Waites and Knott (1992; 523) states that, â€Å"automating records present an added challenge to records managers in records centres because they must deal with users of varying computer literacy levels. Some users enter the records centre fully versed in the applications of a computer, while oth ers come with no prior experience. It is difficult for records managers to deal with this vast difference and ensure that they provide users who need assistance with that assistance while not requiring capable users to slow their academic progress and wait. † Another challenge faced by these records centres in Zimbabwe in automating their records systems is that there is lack of support. Perderson (1987; 5) states that, â€Å"While technology can be a great addition to the records centres, it also can be a source of frustration for both the records manager and the user. Unless the records manager is well trained in technology and can support the hardware in the records centre, a technology expert will be needed to troubleshoot problems. If records centre cannot support the purchased technology, it essentially renders it useless in times of crisis or disrepair. † Additionally from the researcher’s point, technology often needs frequent maintenance to keep it in good condition for use. If all these are not available it means more money will be needed for the upkeep as well as hiring experts to use the automated systems. Training the staff and patrons to use a newly automated system can be challenging. According to the Colorado Department of Education, Training is expensive and you can never pay for enough. If the staff is unfamiliar with computerized records management software, they will need many hours of training to feel comfortable operating the system. A select number of staff will also need training to manage specialized operations, such as cataloguing or patron record management. Additionally, patrons will need assistance using the system to search for library materials. Some patrons may be reluctant to change to a new system, especially if they dont like computers. With proper training and plenty of support, users will adjust to the new system. Prythesh (1996) forwarded that, â€Å"because connection problems, downloading issues, policing software and other difficulties can cause road blocks when implementing a lesson in the technology based records centre, records managers sometimes shy away from using it simply because of lack of time. With all of the demands on users, the amount of time spent in the records centre is more and more valuable. † To lose a few minutes because of connectivity issues is not feasible, and its one important reason why automating records systems often fails in records centres in Zimbabwe. More time is lost due to connection problems. Technology is another hurdle to cross while automating a records system. When selecting records automation software, one must make sure it will work with the existing equipment or be financially prepared to purchase upgraded technology. Kerri Cox Online (2013) postulates that, â€Å"Analyze the records assistants workstations, patron access points, network server, Internet access and building electrical system. Some records centres may require minor technological upgrades, while others will require an expensive technological overhaul. † The technology team, or lack of one, can be another challenge of records system automation. Harvest (1992; 57) states that, â€Å"A records centre needs a strong technology support system in place prior to automation. Someone needs to oversee the automation process and troubleshoot any software or hardware problems. The researcher also notes that once the system is in place, the technology team will need to continue to monitor and upgrade the system. Apart from the challenges, automating records system in records centres has some benefits and some of them are higher production rates and increased productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, shorter workweeks for labour. Kerri Cox (2013) outlines that, â€Å"Higher output and increased productivity have been two of the biggest reasons in justifying the use of automation. Despite the claims of high quality from good workmanship by humans, automated systems typically perform the manufacturing process with less variability than human workers, resulting in greater control and consistency of product quality. Also, increased process control makes more efficient use of materials. † Also an automated system results in efficiency, Alexis L (1999; 5) forwards that, â€Å"they get more done than humans but cost less to operate. This is because they do need breaks, wages, holidays, canteens, heating and lighting. The quality of the work done is always of the same standard being materials are not wasted due to human error. The scholar in terms of speed also states that, â€Å"automated systems can process information much more quickly than humans. † This means they are good for controlling machinery that might need to be adjusted instantly. To sum up the researcher notes that, records systems automation is a great enhancement for a records centre, but it comes with plenty of headaches. It is a time-consuming process. Records Centres may struggle to have the proper technology for the automation. Staff and patrons may need a lot of training to properly operate the new system.

Investigation of Aspirin Overdose Using Salicylate Assay

Investigation of Aspirin Overdose Using Salicylate Assay Introduction Aspirin is the most widely used over-the-counter drug in the world. The average tablet contains about 325 milligrams of acetylsalicylic. Aspirin is used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. Aspirin originally was derived by boiling the bark of the white willow tree. Although the salicin in willow bark has palliative properties, purified salicylic acid was bitter and irritating when taken orally. Phenylsalicylate could be produced by modifying Salicylic acid which resulted in better tasting and less irritating outcomes. Felix Hoffman and Arthur Eichengrà ¼n first produced the active ingredient in aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, in 1893. However, Hippocrates wrote about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers during the fifth century B.C 200 ml well mixed stomach contents (Sample A)- Transparent Yellow 200 ml hydrolysed stomach contents (Sample B)- Purple 200 ml urine (Sample D)- Light Purple 200 ml negative control (water)- Transparent Yellow 200 ml positive control (400 mg /ml sodium salicylate)- Purple Solution i and iv which where stomach content and negative control turned Transparent Yellow this means, No change, Negative test. Solutions ii and v turned purple which means that the test where portative for high aspirin traces. Solution iii turned Light Purple which means that slight trances of aspirin are shown the sample. Salicylic acid is a weak acid, and very little as its ionized in the stomach after oral consumption. Acetylsalicylic acid is poorly soluble in the acidic conditions of the stomach, which can setback amalgamation of high doses for 8 to 24 hours. In addition to the increased pH of the small intestine, aspirin is rapidly absorbed due to the increased surface area, which results in allowing more of the salicylate to dissolve. However, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion. As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid are metabolized in the liver. Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes ever more important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely responsive to changes in urinary pH. There is a 10 to 20 fold increase in renal clearance when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization utilizes this particular aspect of salicylate elimination. From the deductions that can be from by results and investigations, it shows that aspirin is absorbed via the small intestine, which then transported to the blood serum. Waste product is transported to urea and disposed via renal excretion. Therefore more aspirin is present in the serum, that why forms a precipitate and the urine dose not as much of it is waste product. The acutely toxic dose of aspirin is commonly regard as greater than 150  mg per kg of body mass. Moderate toxicity occurs at doses up to 300  mg/kg, severe toxicity occurs between 300 to 500  mg/kg, and a potentially lethal dose is greater than 500  mg/kg. Chronic toxicity may arise subsequently to doses of 100  mg/kg per day for two or more days. Around 3 grams per day in divided doses for rheumatoid arthritis is recommended. Serum salicylate levels may be useful in guiding therapeutic decisions regarding dosage. Serum salicylate levels of 150 to 300 mcg/mL are associated with anti-inflammatory response. However, the incidence of toxicity increases with salicylate levels greater than 200 mcg/mL. This patients salicylate concentration level levels where 400 mcg/mL. Therefore I believe this person was overdosing on aspirin. The key objectionable side effects of aspirin are tinnitus, gastrointestinal ulcers and stomach bleeding contestably in higher doses; this is due to aspirin irritating the stomach lining. In youngsters, aspirin is no longer used to control flu-like symptoms or the symptoms of other viral illnesses, because of the risk of Reyes syndrome. Another common side effect of aspirin is heart burn, this can occur at low doses. Aspirin was once used as an anti-inflammatory drug as well as a pain killer. This results in the medication working as a block pain. For example, when a person has a headache, it is often the result in restriction in the blood vessels of the brain. Aspirin reduces the swelling and also thins down the blood to help with blood flow through the vessels; this help in reducing pain and prevention of recurring when the painkiller properties of aspirin wear off. Aspirin is also effective in reducing fevers. People who have a history of heart problems and those at risk of heart attacks are often advised by doctors to take daily doses of aspirin as a preventative measure. The blood thinning properties of aspirin can save a life in the event of a heart emergency by helping some blood to pass through the body until a clot or blockage can be treated. Aspirin is also a known anti-coagulant, which means that it helps to keep the blood thin and prevents clotting. Anti-coagulant is used to prevent blood clots forming within the blood vessels; this can cause heart attack, stroke or other circulatory system problems.