Wage Gap Between Men And Women - 1270 Words

Now seeing me as a women today being only looked at as the equivalent of a slave is ludicrous (Spiegel, pg. 16). According to Spiegel there are three different explanations of why there was a wage gap between men and women. The three explanations are the women are concentrated in jobs that require less education or skills than men, women might receive lower pay than me for identical work, or women might be doing different work than men, but work that is comparable in term of the training required and the complexity of the task, and receiving lower pay for this work (Spiegel, pg.16). From the times of women struggling to vote there has been strides made for women and wages. â€Å"Equal Pay for Equal Work† is a slogan that can be traced back to the 1930s. The slogan is also very ambiguous. It was thought that a woman’s wage was earned because she was trying to supplement those of other family wages earned. The decision as to who would and would not earn a wage regulated by the family unit. The wage belonged to her family. (Keesler-Harris, pg. 8). Typically a woman’s wage was legally the property of her husband or father (Kessler-Harris, pg. 9). I honestly couldn’t imagine going to work and them giving my earnings to my father. Actually when I think about it†¦ much hasn’t changed about that. What would be the difference in being a married women in this day and age a using some of your earnings to support your family. You may place half your pay check in a joint bank account thatShow MoreRelatedThe Wage Gap Between Men And Wo men1552 Words   |  7 Pagesearned by men, which means a wage gap of twenty-two percent. Women are nearly half of the labor pool and are equal if not main, jobholder s in four out of ten households. Not to mention, women receive more college and graduate degrees than men. Women still coninue to bring in less than men. On average, women earn less than men in basically every profession that there is adequate income data for both women and men to estimate an earnings percentage (IWPR, 2014). The Institution for Women s PolicyRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages It is a known fact that women faced inequality in the past, however, it is arguable whether they still face inequality today. When bringing statistics to the table, there is a wage gap between men and women. This is caused by many things. For one, women have tended to exceed men when it comes to education. However, men still tend to receive better jobs with higher pay. This is because gender inequality. There is also inequality inside of the work place. Men tend to receive more promotional opportunitiesRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1337 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women. Even the name of the female gender is derived from the male species. For years, women have been discriminated against in an array of areas such as politics, at home, and in the workplace. The most debated area of gender discrimination is the wage gap between men and women. After reviewing the following facts, it is obvious women are essentially just as valuable as men, and therefore should be treated equally in the workplace. The pay gap between males and females has been a topic thatRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthat bothered us, interested us, or something we wanted to learn more about. The first thing I thought of was equal pay between men and women. With the ratification of the 19th amendment, women became legally equal to men. Then in 1963, the Equal Pay Act was passed yet. Yet today, the wage gap between men and women still exists. According to the White House’s official website, women working full time are only earning around 77% of what their male coworkers are earning. This problem is even worse withRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women2628 Words   |  11 Pagesissue of the wage gap between men and women in the labor market is currently dealt with in the course of a number of scientific debates, is the subject of public discussion in the broad political and social bodies of the world and different countries have their proposed solutions. The re are also historical conditions of social and emotional ground that appointment and further determine the role models for women and men - now called traditional. The difference in pay between men and women is a trendRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Women And Men2336 Words   |  10 Pagesa look at the wage gap between women and men. It has always been known that men make more money than women. Many acts of legislation have been passed to address the disparities. But as time has progressed this topic is not one that grasps the attention of society. Society feels that there are other more important topics to focus on. The inequities amongst men and women pay has been in effect from the early 1800s and continues on in the new millennium despite, the gains women have made. AndRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1979 Words   |  8 Pagesprevent/discourage discrimination in the workplace. Section 2 The Congress hereby finds and declares the wage gap in America between men and women is a problem that needs to be addressed and remedied. Should people be paid the same amount and treated the same way as others like them with the same experience and skills? The obvious answer is yes, but a wage gap and an unequal treatment of women in the workplace persist in the United States. As John F. Kennedy believed, the Equal Pay Act he passed inRead MoreReducing The Wage Gap Between Men And Women1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthe gender wage gap. Firstly, this organization firmly believes that raising the minimum wage will positively affect the wage gap between men and women. Averages illustrate that differentiation s among men and women s job selections could be considered for virtually half of the gender pay gap. Increasing the minimum wage will benefit those dedicated women laborers by helping support their families. Two third of mothers are sole providers within their households and these sa me women are the onesRead MoreThe Gender Wage Gap Between Men And Women986 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender wage gap. This is an issue that has been kept largely quiet and does not get even half the attention it deserves. The wage gap is simply the deviation in salaries between men and women. This gap in pay is an issue that spans the globe, and effects many people, from struggling single mothers to hard working corporate women. In W.E. Jacob and Laura Finley’s article â€Å"Differences in Pay Rates Between Men and Women do not Prove the Existence of Gender Inequality† attempts to debunk the discriminatoryRead MoreThe Pay Gap Between The Wages Of Men And Women Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagespopular belief, the pay gap between the wages of men and women still exists. According to the Cambridge Business English Dictionary, the wage gap is â€Å"the difference between the ​amounts of ​money ​paid to women and men, often for doing the same ​wor k† (â€Å"gender pay gap†). The fact that we are still discussing it, especially during the current presidential campaign, proves that fact. The gap has decreased as time passes due to the relentless advocacy of feminists, but the wage gap does still exist. Considering

Is The Organic Food Label - 1798 Words

With the mass production of food, companies like ConAgra Foods, the parent company of Healthy Choice, Tyson, or even Whole Foods, may cut corners to the growth, treatment, and processing of food. In recent years, there has been a hype in organic food, locally grown food and GMO free foods, but what do these words mean? Most of these words on stickers are aimed to sell customers overpriced food that is farmed conventionally. Organic food has been claimed to be healthier for people, although the organic food label is misleading consumers into purchasing overpriced foods, and forces farmers to use unreliable farming techniques. Cage free and grass fed animals have been claimed to be healthier for people to consume, because the animals are†¦show more content†¦Admittedly, antibiotics have some side effects, their main purpose is to make livestock healthier for humans to consume. The cost of meat products would be substantially lower if antibiotics were adopted throughout all farms and hatcheries. When an organism is raised in an over populated environment it has a higher possibility of catching infections from other organisms in the environment. Most chickens are raised in highly occupied hatchery that do not supply enough area for the chicken to mature (â€Å"The Truth behind â€Å"Humane† Labels†). If a smaller chicken that has not been injected with antibiotics is injured due to another chicken engaging in a fight or just by being stepped on by a larger chicken, they are prone to infections and injuries. Chickens do not have the proper antibodies in its body to fight off the infecti on from an injury, making it one of the leading causes of their deaths simply because they do not have the correct environment or antibiotics to heal properly. Most hatcheries are not able to keep track of each individual chicken, so if one dies beneath the rest, it will decay and start to infect other chickens. Once one chicken gets infected by the dead one, the entire hatchery will begin to be infected.Show MoreRelatedOrganic Food : The United States Department Of Agriculture753 Words   |  4 PagesInterest in organic food has been increasing over the past decade. The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) defines the term organic as:â€Å"... a labeling term that indicates that the food or other agricultural product has been produced through approved methods † (â€Å"Consumer Information,† 2014, para. 1). In fact, consumers have become aware about food quality, and this has increased the sales of organic foods. According to The Organic Trade Association (2 011), organic food sales have been identifiedRead MoreGovernment Food Label Requirements : Food Labeling1359 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment Food Label Requirements With all of the information readily available on the internet and news broadcasts it is hard not to hear about the government food labeling controversy currently going on. There are people who want to label genetically modified, organic and natural foods and then there are some who want to do away with all of the labels for one reason or another. Government mandated food labels are a big deal right now because everyone has an opinion about it. A main cause ofRead MoreOrganic Foods And Organic Food Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesOrganic food is one of the fast growing markets in the world. Only in the U.S., retail sales of organic foods were $6.2 billion in 2015: California made up the biggest part of the country’s organic food market, with $2.436 billion of total sales; Colorado was on the ninth place with $155 million of total sales (â€Å"2015 Certified Organic Survey† 9). Today, organic products are available in almost every conventional grocery store and often hav e a higher price over conventional products. In fact, theRead MoreFood Goods Vs Whole Food Artifacts1339 Words   |  6 PagesFrom trendy reusable grocery bags, to Michelle Obama s organic garden at the White House, food and other food industry has changed. Over the past years the education of organic and whole foods has increased. Most organic foods are announced as heather and preservative free, many companies are now offering â€Å"gluten-free† products. Some people my wonder to themselves, â€Å"Why are Americans willing to pay double the amount for organic products†. Will this just be another popular trend, or are there reallyRead MoreImportance Of Food Labels By The International Food Information Council1324 Words   |  6 PagesBarbara Martino Hayes English 4 December 5, 2014 Importance of Food Labels A research done in 2003 by the International Food Information Council Foundation indicated that many consumers will refer to food labels when deciding which food item to purchase or consume. (The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.) Many consumers say that food labels are hard to observe and read. Food labels objective is mostly to inform consumers about the products characteristics which actually play an importantRead MoreAn Experiment On The Organic Effect Essay830 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Organic Effect† is a video that conduct an experiment on a family for two weeks. The video was promoted by an organic food store The Coop grocery in Sweden and the Swedish Environmental Research Institute ( Hall ). In this video a family of five switched from conventional food to organic for two weeks. Before beginning the experiment urine samples were taken and analyzed for conventional pesticides food. It turned out that they had different insecticides, fungicides, and plant g rowth regulatorsRead MoreOrganic Food And Farming Benefits For Health826 Words   |  4 PagesOrganic Food and Farming Benefits for Health To the casual shopper it may appear that one of the biggest differences between organic and non organic food can be found on the price tag, however, it is important to realize that the true cost of food is not necessarily the price listed on the price tag. Looking more into the quality, how its made and where the food comes from, is beneficial in our choice of the food we pick. Picking organic food have become ever-so popular. Organic food is grown orRead MoreFederal Regulation of Organic Farming1579 Words   |  7 PagesIs there a federal standard for what organic means when it comes to farm fresh milk? Ruva (Ruvarashe) Munyariwa Introduction to political Science, POS1001 Professor Schuman January 23, 2011 With the organic industry booming and up until recently  showing an annual growth rate of 20% it has been necessary for the federal government to step in and regulate theRead MoreWhole Foods Entering Foreign Market965 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary: Whole Foods was founded in 1990 with a mission to offer good, wholesome food with an emphasis on natural and organic food. Through a series of acquisitions and expansions Whole Foods is a major grocery store representing organic products in the United States, Canada and the U.K. It is consistently ranked in the top 100 best companies to work for and the top 100 best Corporate Citizens. Business Proposal: This document outlines the possibility of Whole Foods expanding into the GermanRead MoreThe Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines certified organic products as â€Å" those which have been produced, stored, processed, handled and marketed in accordance with precise technical specifications (standards) and certified as organic by a certification body† (FAO, 1999). Here, this is a common definition oriented by the production process of the â€Å"organic† product and the label of verification of a certification body as opposed to and verification of product quality

E-commerce Free Essays

Throughout my four years at the universe sits of Gullah, I have learned one very important thing: learning does not end once you graduate high school or university, it is a continuous facet of life that should never be ignored but embraced. I am sure that learn something new every day. It may not be life altering; It may be something so minute that I missed the fact that I learned it. We will write a custom essay sample on E-commerce or any similar topic only for you Order Now For example, each day In my anatomy class I learn how the human body works. Monday, I didn’t know that each vein doses’ have corresponding arteries, but on Wednesday, I did. Just last week, I learn d how easy It Is to make tomato sauce. These little events led me to believe that learning never ends and I can use this new knowledge to better my life. The knowledge I gained in high school helped me to succeed in University, and the knowledge I gain In University will help me to succeed In the Job field. I know that over the past four years, I ha eve developed my skills and learned quite a lot. For instance, when I study for a test, it is not Just to memorize the material like I did in high school, but also to under stand the material presented to me. This method not only helps me get great mark s on tests, but now can utilize this knowledge in my every day life. My faith re was a big coffee drinker. He drank 6 cups of coffee a day. After my first year of university, I Lear Ned how to research a topic and present In a simple, effective e manner. I researched the disadvantages and side effects of drinking coffee and GA eve this information to him, in the hopes that he would cut back, which he did. I have also learned that there AR information. For instance, some people are better learners who n they are being lectured to: others learn better independent TTYL, I learn the best when it is hands- on. For instance, in my organic chemist ray class, I understood the concepts a lot better in the laboratory than in class. This as peck of learning also applies to my life as a peer helper. When I first became a peer, there were many procedures, and formats that I needed to learn. I found it very difficult to read a hand out, as my supervisor was lecturing me too. I decide deed that in order to understand these procedures, I need to physically go through h them. This hands- on approach allowed Bases of Competence Skills Portfolio Specifications Fred Veers page 26 of 34 September 2005 me to understand this new information the best and help me to be the most effective at my Job. The development of my ability to learn is also apparent in my social life. In many aspects of my life, I have to be professional, something I never thought I needed to be. In high school, I acted however I wanted, whenever I wanted, even if it left a poor impression of me. I can remember this one incident when I was being particularly rude to my mother at the bank. How to cite E-commerce, Papers

Medical Physiology Biology (Endocrine System)

Question: Discuss about the Medical Physiology for Biology (Endocrine System). Answer: 1. The endocrine system consists of a collection of different glands, which are concerned, with the secretion of hormones. This system is considered as one of the most integrative systems within the human body since the hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands act at a distance and several of these hormones act in diverse organs of the body (Melmed et al. 2015). This essay aims to describe the role of the main hormones and the endocrine glands that produce different hormones. It will explain the role of the blood stream in the process. In addition, it will also explain the role of the target cells and several other mechanisms that are associated with the endocrine system. This system is responsible for signaling the information. Its mechanisms as well as effects are slow in initiation but are extended in response as they last from a small number of hours to weeks. The study of the endocrine system and the disorders which are associated with it is known as endocrinology, which is a branch of internal medicine (Fuxe 2013). The important glands of the endocrine system include the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pineal gland, hypothalamus, testes, ovaries and pancreas. The distinctive features of these glands include their ductless nature, presence of intracellular vacuoles and their vascular nature (Boron and Boulpaep 2016). Hormones are the effectors of the endocrine system. The different glands of the endocrine system secrete them and they are collected through circulation. Some of the hormones are proteins as for e.g. glucagon and insulin while other hormones are derived from proteins or in other words, they are modified amino acids, for e.g. noradrenaline and adrenaline. A few of the hormones are steroids, such as estrogen and corticosteroids (Melmed et al. 2015). The hormone melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland is produced at night and is associated with the circadian rhythm circulation (Axelrod 2013). This hormone has an important function in regulating the several functions of the body that are associated with the night-day cycle. The hormones that are secreted by the thyroid gland includes three hormones namely, triiodothyronine, Thyroxine, and calcitonin. Thyroxine is concerned with the stimulation of body oxygen and consumption of energy. It increases the basal metabolic rate and promotes protein synthesis. Triiodothyronine performs similar functions like thyroxine. Calcitonin is responsible for the stimulation of osteoblasts. The pancreas is a mixed gland and secretes the hormones such as glucagon, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin (Zarrow 2012). Glucagon enhances the blood glucose level. Insulin helps in glycolysis and glycogenesis in muscle and liver from the blood. Somatostatin inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin. Pancreatic polypeptide is concerned with the regulation of the activities of pancreatic secretion. The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenaline boosts glucose and oxygen supply to the muscles and brain, dilation of pupils. Noradrenaline improves the readiness of the skeletal muscles. The testes secrete the hormones like testosterone and estradiol. Testesterone helps in the maturation of sex organs, scrotum formation and growth of axillary hairs and beard. Estradiol prevents apoptosis of the germ cells. The ovaries secrete progesterone and estrogen. Progesterone plays a significant role during pregnancy while estrogen is concerned with several functions of the body (Sherwood 2015). The blood stream plays a significant role in the endocrine system as the blood collects the different hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands and they reach to the target organs through circulation (Fuxe 2013). Hence, for the proper functioning of the endocrine system, circulatory system is essential. In the absence of the circulatory system, the feature of action at distance of the endocrine system would not take place. After passing through the blood stream, the communication of the hormones with the body occurs which is headed towards the target cells for bringing about a specific effect or alteration to the cell. The hormones can also lead to alterations in the cells of the adjacent tissues (Norris and Carr 2013). Receptors are present on the target cells, these receptors are specific for every hormone, and their activation is carried out either through water-soluble hormones or lipid/fat soluble hormones. The diffusion of lipid/fat soluble hormones occurs through the plasma membrane for entering into the target cell and binding with a receptor protein on the cells plasma membrane. On the other hand, the water-soluble hormones bind with a receptor protein on the cells plasma membrane (Labhart 2012). Polypeptide/protein hormones act on the cells which act as specific targets. Binding occurs with the receptors that are located on cell surface. These receptors are glycoproteins and proteins that are fixed in the cell membrane (Sherwood 2015). Examples of polypeptide/protein hormones comprise insulin secreted from the pancreas and adrenocorticotropin secreted from the pituitary gland. Eicosanoids like prostaglandins and Catecholamines such as epinephrine discover their receptors sticked to the cell membrane of the target cells. Polypeptide and steroid hormones both are concerned with the regulation of gene expression by involving a communication with the core complex of transcription through the similar injector. The receptor of polypeptide hormones is exceptional to the specific target cell. The polypeptide receptors use three different classes of cell surface receptors namely, Ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein receptors and catalytic receptors. On the other hand, the receptors of steroid hormones occur in all the nucleated cells. They work at a slower pace and require elevated concentrations (Zarrow 2012). To conclude, the endocrine system plays an important role and has several functions overall. It is responsible for secretion of hormones, metabolism, growth and several other activities of the cells. It acts as an information signal system. This system is considered to be one of the most integrative systems within the human body since the hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands act at a distance and numerous of these hormones act in diverse organs of the body. It is also responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the body. If this system lacks a proper functioning, then it leads to the development of several diseases associated with growth and metabolism. 2. Homeostasis and its Role Homeostasis refers to the way by which a stable environment is maintained by the body. It is essential for our body to maintain a stable environment for the cells for functioning in a correct manner (Hardie 2015). It keeps the internal environment of the body balanced. The well-recognized homeostats in the human body and other mammalians are the regulators that are concerned in keeping the composition of the internal environment constituting of extracellular fluids constant, particularly with respect to pH, temperature, osmolality and Ca2+, K+, Na+, O2, CO2 and Glucose concentrations (Ramsay and Woods 2014). The control mechanisms of homeostasis have at least three components that are dependent on each other, namely, receptor, effector and integrating center. The receptor is responsible for sensing the environmental stimuli and sends the information to the integrating center (Waugh and Grant 2014).This center is usually a region in the brain known as the hypothalamus, which is concer ned with the signaling of an effector for responding to the stimuli. An effector refers to any tissue or organ, which receives information from the integrating center and works to result in the changes required for maintaining homeostasis. Negative and positive feedbacks are central to understand the process of homeostasis (Ramsay and Woods 2014). Negative feedback Almost all the control mechanisms of homeostasis are negative feedback mechanisms. It occurs when the systems require slowing down or completely stopping a process, which is taking place (Hardie 2015). For example, when food substances are consumed, they travel in the stomach. After this, the process of digestion commences. It works by involving different hormones together with the nerve impulses for stopping as well as starting the acids secretion in the stomach. An additional instance of negative feedback is sweating (Waugh and Grant 2014). Positive Feedback In positive feedback mechanism for maintaining homeostasis, the enhancement of an output occurs. It is responsible for amplifying the action of a system or encouraging a physiological process (Ramsay and Woods 2014). Positive feedback involves a cyclic process, which can continue for amplifying the response of the body to stimuli until there is a takeover of response of negative feedback (Waugh and Grant 2014). A very good illustration of positive feedback can also take place inside the stomach. It usually secretes pepsinogen, which is an inactive enzyme (Waugh and Grant 2014). Since pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the body, it activates a process that aids in the conversion of the molecules of pepsinogen to pepsin. After the occurrence of this cascade effect, the stomach gets sufficient molecules of pepsin for digesting proteins (Hall 2015). Homeostasis of blood Glucose levels In our bodies, glucose acts as a fuel for the cells but for diffusing into the cells, it is too big. Instead, it requires to be transported into the cells. Pancreas produces a hormone, namely insulin, which facilitates the transport of glucose into the cells (Hall 2015). Insulin reduces the levels of blood glucose as a result of facilitating the transport of glucose into the cells via bloodstream (Hardie 2015). It also slows down the production of glucose from the amino acids glycogen and fatty acids. Insulin is responsible for the stimulation of formation of glycogen from glucose. These functions of insulin assist in lowering the blood glucose levels (Waugh and Grant 2014). Homeostasis of Blood Glucose Levels (Negative Feedback) Oxytocin in a normal labour- Homeostasis Oxytocin is a hormone, which is produced by the endocrine system and is responsible to stimulating uterus contraction. This leads to the development of pain, which is sensed through the nervous system (Kenkel, Yee and Carter 2014). Instead of minimizing, the oxytocin and causing the pain to drop, additional production of oxytocin occurs until the contractions become powerful enough leading to the birth of the child. During labor in females, this hormone is released and is responsible for intensification and speeding up of the contractions. The birth of the child ends oxytocin release and the mechanism of positive feedback ends too (Burgos et al. 2016). Oxytocin in a normal labour- Positive feedback (Flowchart) 3. This study aims to critically analyse the use of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) in the human body. It is a type of hormone therapy in which the patients during their course of medical treatment are made to receive hormones either for supplementing a shortage of hormones that occur naturally or for substituting other hormones in place of the naturally occurring hormones (Tucker et al. 2016). This therapy utilizes normal concentrations of hormone supplements for returning the hormone levels within the normal ranges. The common types hormone replacement therapy comprise of the following: Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopause- It utilizes one or more medication groups that are designed for boosting the hormone levels artificially and is based on the thought that the treatment may lead to the prevention of discomfort, which is caused by reducing the circulating progesterone and estrogen hormones. The major hormones that are involved with this therapy include progesterone, estrogen and in some cases testosterone. This therapy is often referred to as treatment (Jordahl et al. 2015). Androgen Replacement Therapy- Involves treatment by hormones frequently prescribes to contradict male hypogonadism effects (Kotsopoulos et al. 2016). It is also prescribed for delaying the onset of aging in males. In addition, this therapy is utilized for the males with reduced testicular functions, cancer, along with some other reasons (Jordahl et al. 2015). Hormone Replacement Therapy for Transgender individuals This therapy is involved with the introduction of hormones that are associated with the sexual category identified by the patient (for trans women estrogen is used and for trans men testosterone is used). A number of intersex individuals may receive HRT. For transgender people, Cross-sex hormone treatment is divided into two- hormone replacement therapy (male-to-female), hormone replacement therapy (female-to-male) (Hou et al. 2013). Hormone replacement therapy was first discovered in the year 1940 but it became more prominent in the year 1960 and had created a revolution in menopause management in women (Kuh et al., 2016). It was prescribed generally for the relief symptoms of the menopausal women such as genito-urinary and psychological problems, night sweats, hot flushes, sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness, reduced sexual drive and mood swings (Shapiro et al. 2013). This therapy has been revealed to possess several beneficial effects (Kuh et al., 2016). A study carried out in women demonstrated that the women who took estrogen through HRT revealed that the prefrontal cortex is positively affected by estrogen by enhancing the working memory (Jordahl et al. 2015). It proposes that estrogen play a significant role in certain functions of the frontal lobe in women. The women who utilized HRT subsequent to menopause did not gained additional weight in comparison to the women who did not utilize HRT (Kuh et al., 2016). In addition, the women who used HRT together with a component of estrogen exhibited positive effects in their sexual life, as their sexual sensitivity and sexual drive increased but the effects were contradictory across women (Kotsopoulos et al. 2016). In addition to the benefits, there are also some identified risks of this therapy as some researchers have proved that some HRT forms enhance the risk of womb (endometrial) cancer. (Tucker et al. 2016). Nonetheless, previous research has revealed that the integrated form of HRT poses a bigger risk of developing breast cancer in comparison to estrogen or tibolone. It can result in side effects such as headaches, indigestion, nausea, vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain (Shapiro et al. 2013). A study in the menopausal women utilizing HRT along with progestin as the main constituent of the therapy revealed some negative effects with respect to hearing that highlighted the significance of selecting bioidentical progesterone rather than synthetic progestin. It has also been revealed in some of the situations that menopausal women who had a role of caregiving and receiving HRT are more prone to suffer from cardiovascular diseases (Kuh et al., 2016). To avoid the risks of HRT, it is necessary to utilize the most efficient delivery method of progesterone as well as estrogen. The patients and the healthcare providers should discuss the benefit and risks of the individuals particularly the women. If the individuals decided to take HRT, then it should be of a lowest dose and that assists for the shortest time required. It is a kind of hormone therapy in which the patients during their course of medical treatment are made to receive hormones either for supplementing a shortage of hormones that occur naturally or for substituting other hormones in place of the naturally occurring hormones (Shapiro et al. 2013). References Axelrod, J. ed., 2013.The pineal gland and its endocrine role(Vol. 65). Springer Science Business Media. Boron, W.F. and Boulpaep, E.L., 2016.Medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Burgos, J., Arana, I., Garitano, I., Rodrguez, L., Cobos, P., Osuna, C., del Mar Centeno, M. and Fernndez-Llebrez, L., 2016. Induction of labor in breech presentation at term: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of perinatal medicine. Fuxe, K. ed., 2013.Central regulation of the endocrine system(Vol. 42). Springer Science Business Media. Hall, J.E., 2015.Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hardie, D.G., 2015. AMPK: positive and negative regulation, and its role in whole-body energy homeostasis.Current opinion in cell biology,33, pp.1-7. Hou, N., Hong, S., Wang, W., Olopade, O.I., Dignam, J.J. and Huo, D., 2013. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: heterogeneous risks by race, weight, and breast density.Journal of the National Cancer Institute,105(18), pp.1365-1372. Jordahl, K.M., Doody, D.R., Zhang, Y., Yan, D., Randolph, T.W., Johnson, L.G., Li, C.I., Kelsey, K., Houseman, E.A., Wang, P. and Malone, K.E., 2015. Hormone replacement therapy and genome-wide DNA methylation among post-menopausal women.Cancer Research,75(15 Supplement), pp.2772-2772. Kenkel, W.M., Yee, J.R. and Carter, C.S., 2014. Is oxytocin a maternalfoetal signalling molecule at birth? Implications for development.Journal of neuroendocrinology,26(10), pp.739-749. Kotsopoulos, J., Huzarski, T., Gronwald, J., Moller, P., Lynch, H.T., Neuhausen, S.L., Senter, L., Demsky, R., Foulkes, W.D., Eng, C. and Karlan, B., 2016. Hormone replacement therapy after menopause and risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers: a casecontrol study.Breast cancer research and treatment,155(2), pp.365-373. Kuh, D., Muthuri, S., Cooper, R., Moore, A., MacKinnon, K., Cooper, C., Adams, J.E., Hardy, R. and Ward, K.A., 2016. Menopause, reproductive life, hormone replacement therapy and bone phenotype at age 6064: a British birth cohort.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, pp.jc-2016. Labhart, A., 2012.Clinical endocrinology: theory and practice. Springer Science Business Media. Melmed, S., Polonsky, K.S., Larsen, P.R. and Kronenberg, H.M., 2015.Williams textbook of endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences. Norris, D.O. and Carr, J.A., 2013.Vertebrate endocrinology. Academic Press. Ramsay, D.S. and Woods, S.C., 2014. Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation.Psychological review,121(2), p.225. Shapiro, S., Farmer, R.D., Stevenson, J.C., Burger, H.G., Mueck, A.O. and Gompel, A., 2013. Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) cause breast cancer? An application of causal principles to three studies.Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care,39(2), pp.80-88. Sherwood, L., 2015.Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning. Tucker, P.E., Bulsara, M.K., Salfinger, S.G., Tan, J.J.S., Green, H. and Cohen, P.A., 2016. The effects of pre-operative menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on sexuality and quality of life after risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy.Maturitas,85, pp.42-48. Waugh, A. and Grant, A., 2014.Ross Wilson anatomy and physiology in health and illness. Elsevier Health Sciences. Zarrow, M.X., 2012.Experimental endocrinology: a sourcebook of basic techniques. Elsevier.